Soot formation in a turbulent swirling flow

The qualitative understanding of soot formation in simple models of gas turbine primary-zone combustors is summarized. Soot formation in flame radiation and air pollution was investigated. Results are presented, namely: (1) if the fuel is premixed with air in approximately stoichiometric proportions, the sequence of states that a fluid element undergoes as it burns is quite different from the sequence when liquid or vapor fuel is injected into an air-flow; (2) swirling flows, as are typical or swirl-can combustors, when burning, can amplify small aerodynamic disturbances upstream of the swirl vanes; and (3) different fuels form significantly different amounts of soot. Each of these effects makes major changes in the amount of soot formed in a given combustor

Laboratory measurements in a turbulent, swirling flow

Measurements of soot inside a flame-tube burner using a special water-flushed probe are discussed. The soot is measured at a series of points at each burner, and upon occasion gaseous constitutents NO, CO, hydrocarbons, etc., were also measured. Four geometries of flame-tube burners were studied, as well as a variety of different fuels. The role of upstream geometry on the downstream pollutant formation was studied. It was found that the amount of soot formed in particularly sensitive to how aerodynamically clean the configuration of the burner is upstream of the injector swirl vanes. The effect of pressure on soot formation was also studied. It was found that beyond a certain Reynolds number, the peak amount of soot formed in the burner is constant

Euler-Lagrange relationship for random dispersive waves Scientific report

Euler-Lagrange relationship for random dispersive wave

Wake of the Moon

Lunar wak

Euler-Lagrange relationship for random dispersive waves

Euler-Lagrange relationship for random dispersive wave

Engaging with the cultural ‘other’: The ‘colonial signature’ and learning from intercultural engagements

In this article, the idea of the ‘colonial signature’ is advanced as a potentially pivotal response to triggers that deepen or act as barriers to intercultural learning. From a postcolonial positioning, empirical data is then examined to consider the responses to intercultural-learning triggers of 14 UK-based student teachers on a study visit to India specifically through an analysis of their reflective writing and interviews. Participants’ responses to varied triggers became significant colonial signatures to their intercultural learning. The learning deepened where responses were reflexive and articulated with reference to the global powerbase that underpins study visits to the Global South. Where responses to triggers provoked more shallow comparisons with home, the colonial signatures resulted in closeddown discussion, thus acting as a barrier to further learning. This has implications not only for study visits, but also, more widely, for the approach to global learning

Institutional responses to mental deficiency in New Zealand, 1911-1935: Tokanui Mental Hospital

This thesis considers the response of one New Zealand institution, Tokanui Mental Hospital, to legislation and policies for 'mental deficiency' introduced during the first half of the twentieth century. Institutional reactions to these policies have been under examined in New Zealand. While psychiatric or mentally ill patients have been the subject of a number of New Zealand histories of the asylum, 'mental defectives' have often been overlooked. Yet during the early-twentieth century, 'mental defectives' were thought to be a source of a number of social problems, and the New Zealand government considered a range of measures aimed at limiting the spread and effect of mental deficiency in society. Policies for 'mental deficiency' were influenced by contemporary anxieties about crime, sexuality and hereditarism. As a policy of segregation was formally prescribed, more 'mental defectives' were committed to mental hospitals and other institutions than ever before. An understanding of the responses to this perceived problem also provides an insight into wider social policies in New Zealand in the first half of the twentieth century. This thesis argues that gender was a significant factor in the decision to commit mental defectives to Tokanui. Subsequent categorisation and treatment within Tokanui was also affected by gender. Official reports inform us about the policies that were in place, and historical materials from Tokanui show how these worked in practice. Most of the archives of Tokanui Mental Hospital have been unexamined by historians before now, and close analysis of patient cases also reveals more about institutional practices. The connection between Tokanui and neighbouring Waikeria Prison is also explored, in the context of contemporary fears surrounding mental deficiency and crime