The great saphenous vein-an anatomical study.

The anatomical variations are more frequently encountered in the venous system particularly in the superficial veins when compared to the arterial system. The great saphenous vein is the longest vein of the body and represents pre-axial vein of lower limb. The venous anatomy is of great importance to the surgeons and sonographers. The present study included 25 lower limbs during routine dissection for undergraduate students in the Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India. We studied the great saphenous vein with reference to its formation, relation with the medial malleolus, distance from patella, level of termination and variation in its major tributaries. The findings were recorded, tabulated and photographed. Aforementioned anatomical facts including mode of termination of great saphenous vein can be important for surgeons planning intervention in this area. This vein is used as an arterial graft because of the marked anatomical remodeling. Thus, a good understanding of the typical ultrasound appearance of the great saphenous vein, its relationship to the major bony landmarks is significant

An unusual case of malignant mesothelioma mimicking as Fournier’s gangrene

Fournier gangrene is a rare, life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis that usually involves the perineal or genital areas. Malignant mesothelioma in the inguinal and paratesticular region is a very rare entity and manifesting as Fournier’s gangrene is still rare. Here we present a case of malignant mesothelioma which presented clinically as Fournier’s gangrene.

Morphometric analysis of corpus callosum in relation to brain size in fetuses of South Indian population

Background: The corpus callosum (CC) comprises axons connecting the cortices of the two cerebral hemispheres and is the principal white matter fiber bundle in the brain Morphological characteristics of fetal corpus callosum are of value from embryologic and diagnostic points of view. Knowledge of fetal callosal size is an essential prerequisite for the study of its changes during infancy and childhood. Methods: The study included twenty four formalin fixed fetuses ranging from 25 to 40 weeks obtained from department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College. The measurements taken were; frontal pole to occipital pole, anterior most point to posterior most point of CC, frontal pole of brain to anterior most point of CC, occipital pole of brain to posterior most point of CC, anterior edge of splenium to superior most point of superior colliculus and thickness of body of CC.Results: Spearman’s correlation test was used to determine the correlation between different parameters. A strong positive correlation was found between the length and gestational age (r=0.69), between thickness and gestational age (r=0.4) and between length and thickness of corpus callosum (r=0.5).Conclusions: Length and thickness of corpus callosum was found to increase proportionally to gestational age but it was not statistically significant. The growth of CC was proportional to the growth of brain. The precise anatomical knowledge regarding the morphology and growth of corpus callosum will provide baseline data for the diagnosis and assessment of progression of a disease affecting it.

Protective Role of False Tendon in Subjects with Left Bundle Branch Block: A Virtual Population Study.

False tendons (FTs) are fibrous or fibromuscular bands that can be found in both the normal and abnormal human heart in various anatomical forms depending on their attachment points, tissue types, and geometrical properties. While FTs are widely considered to affect the function of the heart, their specific roles remain largely unclear and unexplored. In this paper, we present an in silico study of the ventricular activation time of the human heart in the presence of FTs. This study presents the first computational model of the human heart that includes a FT, Purkinje network, and papillary muscles. Based on this model, we perform simulations to investigate the effect of different types of FTs on hearts with the electrical conduction abnormality of a left bundle branch block (LBBB). We employ a virtual population of 70 human hearts derived from a statistical atlas, and run a total of 560 simulations to assess ventricular activation time with different FT configurations. The obtained results indicate that, in the presence of a LBBB, the FT reduces the total activation time that is abnormally augmented due to a branch block, to such an extent that surgical implant of cardiac resynchronisation devices might not be recommended by international guidelines. Specifically, the simulation results show that FTs reduce the QRS duration at least 10 ms in 80% of hearts, and up to 45 ms for FTs connecting to the ventricular free wall, suggesting a significant reduction of cardiovascular mortality risk. In further simulation studies we show the reduction in the QRS duration is more sensitive to the shape of the heart then the size of the heart or the exact location of the FT. Finally, the model suggests that FTs may contribute to reducing the activation time difference between the left and right ventricles from 12 ms to 4 ms. We conclude that FTs may provide an alternative conduction pathway that compensates for the propagation delay caused by the LBBB. Further investigation is needed to quantify the clinical impact of FTs on cardiovascular mortality risk

Morphometry and Relations of the Rectum to the Various Anatomical Landmarks: A Cadaveric Study

Background: The present study aimed to calculate the length of the rectum, its anterior peritoneal reflection and to assess the relations of the rectum to the various anatomical landmarks in cadavers. Also, to observe any gender differences. Material and Methods: The present study was performed on 18 sagittal sections of the pelvis of adult human cadavers. The distances were measured from the anal verge to the midpoint of sacral promontory, anterior peritoneal reflection, S3 vertebra, the tip of the coccyx and the lower border of pubic bone. Results: The level of anterior peritoneal reflections was 7.70±1.15 cm and 7.59±1.69 cm respectively for males and females. There were no statistically significant gender differences. Conclusion: The average length of the rectum did not reveal any significant gender differences. The level of anterior peritoneal reflection for the rectum would aid as a landmark for surgeons operating at this site without exploring the peritoneal cavity

Renal Artery Variations, Hilar Arrangement and Its Distances to Ventral Branches of Abdominal Aorta: A Morphometric Study

Purpose: To measure the distance of origin of renal artery in relation to the ventral branches of abdominal aorta and also to study the variations in the number and the hilar branching pattern of renal arteries. Materials and methods: The present study was carried out using ten embalmed adult cadavers. The distances were measured bilaterally from the origin of renal artery to the origin of superior and inferior mesenteric artery and the bifurcation of abdominal aorta. Results: Out of ten cadavers studied, bilateral accessory renal artery was observed in two cases. The hilar branching pattern varied from a single artery to maximum of six branches. The mean and standard deviations of the measured parameters were calculated. Conclusion: Knowledge of variations of renal artery is important for surgeons in performing many procedures and may help to avoid clinical complications in the abdominal region

Lingula and Antilingula as Anatomic Reference Points for Ramus Osteotomies

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the role of lingula and antilingula as landmark to guide the oral surgeons. Methods: A total of 50 mandibles (100 sides) were available for evaluating the lingula and antilingula. Four measurements (W, X, Y and Z) were recorded for the mandibular foramen, lingula and antilingula in 2 planes (horizontal and vertical) by single trained calibrated examiner. Results: Only 52 sides had palpable antilingula, hence the comparisons with respect to antilingula and mandibular foramen were done for only 52 sides. The mean values measured were significantly lower for lingula with respect to Y and W points while it was significantly higher with respect to X and Z points when compared to mandibular foramen. Antilingula also showed similar trend when compared to mandibular foramen. Conclusion: Lingula can be used as landmark to avoid the mandibular foramen to perform ramus osteotomies. Antilingula if palpable can be used as supplementary landmark for the same. With respect to both the landmarks, mandibular foramen is located posterioinferiorly

Determination of inter-bronchial and subcarinal angles in fetuses of different gestational age and their clinical implication

Introduction:The tracheo-bronchial angles in the human fetus are of increasing relevance in perinatal medicine to determine both normal and pathological criteria. The present study was undertaken to calculate the inter-bronchial angle using a novel method by an image analyzer at different gestational ages. Materials and Methods:The present study was carried out using 24 human fetuses in the department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. The right and left bronchial, inter-bronchial and subcarinal angles were calculated by using an image analyzer named Image J. Results:The right bronchial angle ranged from 21.99° to 43.96°. The left bronchial angle ranged from 29.48° to 56.21°. The inter-bronchial angle ranged from 60.53° to 100.86°. Student t test was applied to compare the means of bronchial angles between the second and third trimesters which did not show any statistical significance. The subcarinal angle ranged from 41.69° to 74.88° with an average of 61.15 ± 9.73°. Conclusion:The present study analyses the inter-bronchial and subcarinal angles in different GA, the knowledge of which would be essential to understand the developmental changes of the respiratory passages