Systematics, phylogeny, and biogeography of the hysterangiales and related taxa (Phallomycetidae, Homobasidiomycetes)

Monophyly of the gomphoid-phalloid clade was confirmed based on multigene phylogenetic analyses. Four major subclades (Hysterangiales, Geastrales, Gomphales and Phallales) were also demonstrated to be monophyletic. The interrelationships among the subclades were, however, not resolved, and alternative topologies could not be rejected statistically. Nonetheless, most analyses showed that the Hysterangiales and Phallales do not form a monophyletic group, which is in contrast to traditional taxonomy. The higher-level phylogeny of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi tends to suggest that the Gomphales form a sister group with either the Hysterangiales or Phallales. Unweighted parsimony character state reconstruction favors the independent gain of the ballistosporic mechanism in the Gomphales, but the alternative scenario of multiple losses of ballistospory could not be rejected statistically under likelihood based reconstructions. This latter hypothesis is consistent with the widely accepted hypothesis that the loss of ballistospory is irreversible. The transformation of fruiting body forms from nongastroid to gastroid was apparent in the lineage leading to Gautieria (Gomphales), but the tree topology and character state reconstructions supported that truffle-like taxa of the Phallales are ancestral to stinkhorns, which possess more complex, epigeous fruiting bodies. Importantly all taxa within the Phallales are statismosporic and thus the derived stinkhorn morphology does not require an independent gain of ballistospory. Biogeographical analyses of the Hysterangiales strongly suggest that the ectomycorrhizal lineages within the Hysterangiales originated in the East Gondwana. The synonymous substitution rate indicated a Paleozoic origin of the Hysterangiales although a possibility of a Cretaceous origin could not be discarded. Because modern ectomycorrhizal plants were absent during the Paleozoic era, a potential existence of the Hysterangiales during this time must be explained either by novel ectomycorrhizal association of the Hysterangiales with unknown plant lineages, or multiple, independent gains of ectomycorrhizal habit. The Paleozoic origin of the Hysterangiales also indicates that mycophagous animals may not be the most important factor for range expansions of the Hysterangiales. Taxonomic revisions are made for the gomphoid-phalloid fungi. One subclass (Phallomycetidae), two orders (Hysterangiales and Geastrales), four families (Gallaceaceae, Phallogastraceae, Trappeaceae and Sclerogastraceae), 7 genera (Austrohysterangium, Cribbangium, Rodwayomyces, Beeveromyces, Cazomyces, Insulomyces and Viridigautieria) and 22 new combinations are proposed

Rhizopogon togasawariana sp. nov., the first report of Rhizopogon associated with an Asian species of Pseudotsuga

Rhizopogon subgenus Villosuli are the only members of the genus known to form an ectomycorrhizal relationship exclusively with Pseudotsuga. The specificity of this host relationship is unusual in that Rhizopogon is broadly associated with several tree genera within the Pinaceae and relationships with a host genus are typically distributed across Rhizopogon subgenera. Naturally occurring specimens of R. subg. Villosuli have been described only from North American collections, and the unique host relationship with Pseudotsuga is demonstrated only for Rhizopogon associated with P. menziesii (Douglas-fir), the dominant species of Pseudotsuga in North America. Species of Pseudotsuga are naturally distributed around the northern Pacific Rim, and Rhizopogon associates of other Pseudotsuga spp. are not yet described. Here we present the results of field sampling conducted in P. japonica forests throughout the Japanese archipelago and describe Rhizopogon togasawariana sp. nov., which occurs in ectomycorrhizal association with P. japonica. Placement of this new species within R. subg. Villosuli is supported by morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis, and its implications to Pseudotsuga-Rhizopogon biogeography are discussed.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Mycological Society of America and published by Allen Press Inc. It can be found at: http://www.mycologia.org/.Keywords: Truffle, Japan, Rhizopogon subgenus Villosuli, Biogeography, Ectomycorrhizae, Hypogeou

The Luminous Fungi of Japan

Luminous fungi have long attracted public attention in Japan, from old folklore and fiction to current tourism, children’s toys, games, and picture books. At present, 25 species of luminous fungi have been discovered in Japan, which correspond to approximately one-fourth of the globally recognized species. This species richness is arguably due to the abundant presence of mycophiles looking to find new mushroom species and a tradition of night-time activities, such as firefly watching, in Japan. Bioluminescence, a field of bioscience focused on luminous organisms, has long been studied by many Japanese researchers, including the biochemistry and chemistry of luminous fungi. A Japanese Nobel Prize winner, Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018), primarily focused on the bioluminescence system of luminous fungi in the latter part of his life, and total elucidation of the mechanism was finally accomplished by an international research team with representatives from Russia, Brazil, and Japan in 2018. In this review, we focused on multiple aspects related to luminous fungi of Japan, including myth, taxonomy, and modern sciences

A check list of non-lichenised fungi occurring on Fagus crenata, a tree endemic to Japan

Non-lichenised fungi from Fagus crenata, an endemic and major temperate tree species, were enumerated based on three approaches: fungarium specimens at the National Museum of Nature and Science; isolates obtained mainly from leaves and roots, and their molecular identification by barcoding region; and literature. In total, 209, 49, and 232 taxa were recognised from the fungarium specimens, isolates, and literature, respectively. Only three taxa were commonly observed using all three approaches. Moreover, the results demonstrate the diversity of fungi occurring on a single host plant species, and provide the basis for comparisons between fungi from Fagus spp. in other regions of the world

Broomeia congregata Berk., 1844 (Agaricales: Broomeiaceae): New distribution record for San Luis, Argentina

Broomeia congregata Berk. is a gasteroid fungus with a predominant African distribution. However, it has been documented twice, in 1912 and 1973, as occurring in Catamarca Province (Argentina, South America). Nearly forty years later, a new finding is reported for San Luis Province, Argentina. The report includes new morphological information based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, some phenological, biogeographical and ecological implications concerning B. congregata are discussed

小笠原諸島産菌類リスト

Approximately 1,000 taxa of fungi found and/or collected in the Bonin Islands were listed based on previous reports, collection data of dried specimens and background dataset of living cultures. Five hundred 6 (50.8%), 203 (20.4%) and 180 (18.1%) of them belong to Basidiomycota, Deuteromycota (Mitosporic Fungi) and Ascomycota, respectively. The others (total 10.7%) are mixomycetous (56 taxa), zygomycetous (24 taxa), chytridiomycetous (14 taxa), oomycetous (12 taxa) and blastocladiomycetous (1 taxon) fungi. About 100 taxa containing texts, “bonin”, “munin”, “ogasawara,” “chichi”, “haha”, in their scientific and/or common names were found in the list. It indicates that at least 10% of taxa reported from the islands have type localities there and/or endemic. More taxa new to the islands will obviously turn up if various mycologists repeatedly place the full weight of their effort on collecting and identifying materials there, because those found are merely ca. 8.3% of known species of fungi in Japan.小笠原諸島で採集・発見・同定された菌類のうち文献として公表され、あるいは標本や分離菌株が公的機関に保存されている約1,000 学名（分類群）を網羅した。その主な内訳は担子菌類506 種（50.8%）、不完全菌類203 種（20.4%）、子のう菌類180 種（18.1%）で、残りの10.7%は変形菌類56 種、接合菌類24 種、ツボカビ類14 種、卵菌類12 種、コウマクノウキン類1 種である。学名や和名のローマ字表記の中に“bonin”、“munin”、 “ogasawara”、 “chichi”、 “haha”の語を含む種等が100 以上あることから、少なくとも10%の分類群が同諸島をタイプロカリティーとしており、また、その中には特産種も含まれているものと思われる。リストアップされた菌類は国内既知種の8.3%に過ぎず、今後、様々な菌学者が繰り返し同諸島の菌類を採集・同定することにより、さらに多くの種が明らかになると予想される

A check list of non-lichenised fungi occurring on <i>Fagus crenata</i>, a tree endemic to Japan

<p>Non-lichenised fungi from <i>Fagus crenata</i>, an endemic and major temperate tree species, were enumerated based on three approaches: fungarium specimens at the National Museum of Nature and Science; isolates obtained mainly from leaves and roots, and their molecular identification by barcoding region; and literature. In total, 209, 49, and 232 taxa were recognised from the fungarium specimens, isolates, and literature, respectively. Only three taxa were commonly observed using all three approaches. Moreover, the results demonstrate the diversity of fungi occurring on a single host plant species, and provide the basis for comparisons between fungi from <i>Fagus</i> spp. in other regions of the world.</p

Complementary molecular methods reveal comprehensive phylogenetic diversity integrating inconspicuous lineages of early-diverged wood-decaying mushrooms

Among terrestrial microorganisms, mushroom-forming fungi have been relatively well investigated, however the inconspicuous strains may be overlooked by conventional visual investigations causing underestimation of their phylogenetic diversity. Herein, we sought to obtain a comprehensive phylogenetic diversity profile for the early-diverging wood-decaying mushrooms Dacrymycetes, using an approach that combines fruiting-body collection, culture isolation, and environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding of decaying branches. Among the 28 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected during a three-year investigation, 10 each were from fruiting bodies and cultured mycelia and 27 were detected as eDNA sequences. eDNA metabarcoding revealed various lineages across the Dacrymycetes phylogeny. Alternatively, fruiting-body and culture surveys uncovered only ~50% of the OTUs detected through eDNA metabarcoding, suggesting that several inconspicuous or difficult-to-isolate strains are latent in the environment. Further, eDNA and culture surveys revealed early-diverging clades that were not identified in the fruiting-body survey. Thus, eDNA and culture-based techniques can uncover inconspicuous yet phylogenetically important mushroom lineages that may otherwise be overlooked via typical visual investigations