THE EDUCATION OF THE PROTAGONIST AS READER IN THE EARLY BILDUNGSROMAN

The dissertation investigates reading behaviors in Goethe's Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1795-96), Tieck's Franz Sternbalds Wanderungen (1798/1843) and Novalis' Heinrich von Ofterdingen (1802) within the framework of the history of reading and book production. Social and technological pressures during the latter part of the eighteenth century resulted in a re-definition and re-invention of the reading process as the modern book was being "invented." New themes and genres appeared on the literary horizon that had as a goal the education of a new kind of reader. Goethe's, Tieck's, and Novalis's novels, which were products of the paradigm shift in reading, did not, however, just embrace changes that were already in place. By engaging in the contemporary discussion about new and old reading behaviors, each of these works promoted a new kind of reading that in one way or another maintained older forms while still recognizing the revolution that the irreversible technological advances had initiated. Drawing on discussions by Engelsing and Schön on the history of reading, the dissertation shows that the three novels record new reading strategies by analyzing the epochal changes in terms of a three-fold movement from intensive to extensive reading, reading aloud to reading silently, and communal to solitary reading. Additionally, it shows how the novels investigate the relationship between the reception of textual and visual artifacts and, thereby, contribute to the contemporary discourse on changes in the aesthetic status of image and text.The three novels explore these shifts from different angles. The Lehrjahre thus analyzes the transition from intensive to extensive reading by placing these modalities between reading in a community and reading in solitude. Sternbald, less concerned with the complexities of this transition, focuses on the communal aspect of reading by exploring how a revitalized orality can affect a rapidly changing reading culture. Ofterdingen, by contrast, reflects on the inherent contradiction of efforts to enhance reading culture by restoring orality. For Novalis, the emergence of extensive solitary readers was final and irreversible

In-situ and label-free optical monitoring of the adhesion and spreading of primary monocytes isolated from human blood: dependence on serum concentration levels

Adhesion and spreading of primary monocytes isolated from human blood were monitored utilizing optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS); a highly sensitive label-free biosensor technique using evanescent optical waves generated at a biocompatible surface. Appropriate development on a custom built setup enabled the OWLS cuvette to be operated as a 1.5 ml mini-incubator, controlling both temperature and CO2 levels. The incubator-equipped OWLS is readily applicable for delicate and long-term studies on sensitive primary cells, demonstrated here through monitoring the serum dependence of the adhesion and spreading of human monocytes. Moreover, the custom-built setup enables the simultaneous monitoring of the position and overall width of the OWLS resonant peaks. This unique feature makes it possible to distinguish the refractive index variations induced by the adsorption of secreted material from refractive index changes provoked by cellular spreading. A definite attachment and spreading activity was observed on the substratum (glassy silica-titania), when the serum level of the culturing medium was 0.0-0.01%. Increasing serum concentration resulted in a steep fall in monocyte surface adhesion and spreading. 1.0% serum level practically abolished all spreading activity measured by OWLS, and the number of attached cells was significantly decreased, too. Serum addition to fully spread cells provoked a reduction in the cell-substratum contact area, clearly detectable by the biosensor. Cell spreading was inhibited by pre-coating the sensor surface with considerable amounts of serum proteins. These findings suggest that monocyte spreading is inhibited by the adsorption of serum biomolecules to the substratum, rather than by soluble factors present in the serum. All of these results were obtained completely non-invasively with real time monitoring; demonstrating the capabilities of OWLS to sensitively monitor the adhesion properties of immune cells isolated from human blood. The current study is, therefore, a significant step towards the application of label-free optical biosensors in medical diagnostics

Use of Lecture Recordings in Dental Education: Assessment of Status Quo and Recommendations

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153739/1/jddj0022033720137711tb05619x.pd

Dental Educators’ Perceptions of Educational Learning Domains

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153618/1/jddjde019010.pd

Automated single cell sorting and deposition in submicroliter drops

Automated manipulation and sorting of single cells are challenging, when intact cells are needed for further investigations, e.g., RNA or DNA sequencing. We applied a computer controlled micropipette on a microscope admitting 80 PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) tubes to be filled with single cells in a cycle. Due to the Laplace pressure, fluid starts to flow out from the micropipette only above a critical pressure preventing the precise control of drop volume in the submicroliter range. We found an anomalous pressure additive to the Laplace pressure that we attribute to the evaporation of the drop. We have overcome the problem of the critical dropping pressure with sequentially operated fast fluidic valves timed with a millisecond precision. Minimum drop volume was 0.4-0.7 μl with a sorting speed of 15-20 s per cell. After picking NE-4C neuroectodermal mouse stem cells and human primary monocytes from a standard plastic Petri dish we could gently deposit single cells inside tiny drops. 94 ± 3% and 54 ± 7% of the deposited drops contained single cells for NE-4C and monocytes, respectively. 7.5 ± 4% of the drops contained multiple cells in case of monocytes. Remaining drops were empty. Number of cells deposited in a drop could be documented by imaging the Petri dish before and after sorting. We tuned the adhesion force of cells to make the manipulation successful without the application of microstructures for trapping cells on the surface. We propose that our straightforward and flexible setup opens an avenue for single cell isolation, critically needed for the rapidly growing field of single cell biology. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC

Adhesion kinetics of human primary monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages: Dynamic cell adhesion measurements with a label-free optical biosensor and their comparison with end-point assays

Monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages (MFs) are closely related immune cells that differ in their main functions. These specific functions are, to a considerable degree, determined by the differences in the adhesion behavior of the cells. To study the inherently and essentially dynamic aspects of the adhesion of monocytes, DCs, and MFs, dynamic cell adhesion assays were performed with a high-throughput label-free optical biosensor [Epic BenchTop (BT)] on surfaces coated with either fibrinogen (Fgn) or the biomimetic copolymer PLL-g-PEG-RGD. Cell adhesion profiles typically reached their maximum at ∼60 min after cell seeding, which was followed by a monotonic signal decrease, indicating gradually weakening cell adhesion. According to the biosensor response, cell types could be ordered by increasing adherence as monocytes, MFs, and DCs. Notably, all three cell types induced a larger biosensor signal on Fgn than on PLL-g-PEG-RGD. To interpret this result, the molecular layers were characterized by further exploiting the potentials of the biosensor: by measuring the adsorption signal induced during the surface coating procedure, the authors could estimate the surface density of adsorbed molecules and, thus, the number of binding sites potentially presented for the adhesion receptors. Surfaces coated with PLL-g-PEG-RGD presented less RGD sites, but was less efficient in promoting cell spreading than those coated with Fgn; hence, other binding sites in Fgn played a more decisive role in determining cell adherence. To support the cell adhesion data obtained with the biosensor, cell adherence on Fgn-coated surfaces 30–60 min after cell seeding was measured with three complementary techniques, i.e., with (1) a fluorescence-based classical adherence assay, (2) a shear flow chamber applying hydrodynamic shear stress to wash cells away, and (3) an automated micropipette using vacuum-generated fluid flow to lift cells up. These techniques confirmed the results obtained with the high-temporal-resolution Epic BT, but could only provide end-point data. In contrast, complex, nonmonotonic cell adhesion kinetics measured by the high-throughput optical biosensor is expected to open a window on the hidden background of the immune cell–extracellular matrix interactions

Le Ferment de l'Église : le mouvement des communautés de base en Hongrie / The Lifeblood of the Church: theMovement of Basic Communities in Hungary

Horvath Zsuzsa. Le Ferment de l'Église : le mouvement des communautés de base en Hongrie / The Lifeblood of the Church: theMovement of Basic Communities in Hungary. In: Archives de sciences sociales des religions, n°65/1, 1988. pp. 81-106

N-Alkyl-2- [4- (trifluormethyl) benzoyl] hydrazin-1-karboxamidy a jejich analogy: Syntéza a vícebarevná biologická aktivita

Based on the isosterism concept, we have designed and synthesized homologous N-alkyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]hydrazine-1-carboxamides (from C-1 to C-18) as potential antimicrobial agents and enzyme inhibitors. They were obtained from 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzohydrazide by three synthetic approaches and characterized by spectral methods. The derivatives were screened for their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) via Ellman's method. All the hydrazinecarboxamides revealed a moderate inhibition of both AChE and BuChE, with IC50 values of 27.04-106.75 mu M and 58.01-277.48 mu M, respectively. Some compounds exhibited lower IC50 for AChE than the clinically used drug rivastigmine. N-Tridecyl/pentadecyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]hydrazine-1-carboxamides were identified as the most potent and selective inhibitors of AChE. For inhibition of BuChE, alkyl chain lengths from C-5 to C-7 are optimal substituents. Based on molecular docking study, the compounds may work as non-covalent inhibitors that are placed in a close proximity to the active site triad. The compounds were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv and nontuberculous mycobacteria (M. avium, M. kansasii). Reflecting these results, we prepared additional analogues of the most active carboxamide (n-hexyl derivative 2f). N-Hexyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine (4) exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations within this study (MIC >= 62.5 mu M), however, this activity is mild. All the compounds avoided cytostatic properties on two eukaryotic cell lines (HepG2, MonoMac6).Na základě konceptu isosterismu jsme navrhli a syntetizovali homologní N-alkyl-2- [4- (trifluormethyl) benzoyl] hydrazin-1-karboxamidy (od C-1 do C-18) jako potenciální antimikrobiální látky a inhibitory enzymů. Byly získány z 4- (trifluormethyl) benzohydrazidu třemi syntetickými přístupy a charakterizovány spektrálními metodami. U derivátů se pomocí Ellmanovy metody zkoumala jejich inhibice acetylcholinesterázy (AChE) a butyrylcholinesterázy (BuChE). Všechny hydrazinkarboxamidy odhalily mírnou inhibici jak AChE, tak BuChE, s hodnotami IC50 27,04 - 106,75 uM a 58,01 - 277,48 uM. Některé sloučeniny vykazovaly nižší IC50 pro AChE než klinicky používané léčivo rivastigmin. Jako nejúčinnější a nejselektivnější inhibitory AChE byly identifikovány N-tridecyl / pentadecyl-2- [4- (trifluormethyl) benzoyl] hydrazin-1-karboxamidy. Pro inhibici BuChE jsou optimálními substituenty délky alkylového řetězce od C-5 do C-7. Na základě studie molekulárního dokování mohou sloučeniny fungovat jako nekovalentní inhibitory, které jsou umístěny v těsné blízkosti triády aktivního místa. Sloučeniny byly hodnoceny proti Mycobacterium tuberculosis H (37) Rv a proti netuberkulózním mykobakteriím (M. avium, M. kansasii). Na základě těchto výsledků jsme připravili další analogy nejaktivnějšího karboxamidu (n-hexyl derivát 2f). N-Hexyl-5- [4- (trifluormethyl) fenyl] -1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amin (4) vykazoval nejnižší minimální inhibiční koncentrace v rámci této studie (MIC> = 62,5 uM), nicméně toto aktivita je mírná. Všechny sloučeniny se vyhýbaly cytostatickým vlastnostem na dvou eukaryotických buněčných liniích (HepG2, MonoMac6)