Personal and sub-personal: a defence of Dennett's early distinction

Since 1969, when Dennett introduced a distinction between personal and sub‐personal levels of explanation, many philosophers have used ‘sub‐personal’ very loosely, and Dennett himself has abandoned a view of the personal level as genuinely autonomous. I recommend a position in which Dennett's original distinction is crucial, by arguing that the phenomenon called mental causation is on view only at the properly personal level. If one retains the commit‐’ ments incurred by Dennett's early distinction, then one has a satisfactory anti‐physicalistic, anti‐dualist philosophy of mind. It neither interferes with the projects of sub‐personal psychology, nor encourages ; instrumentalism at the personal level. People lose sight of Dennett’s personal/sub-personal distinction because they free it from its philosophical moorings. A distinction that serves a philosophical purpose is typically rooted in doctrine; it cannot be lifted out of context and continue to do its work. So I shall start from Dennett’s distinction as I read it in its original context. And when I speak of ‘the distinction’, I mean to point not only towards the terms that Dennett first used to define it but also towards the philosophical setting within which its work was cut out

Human Performance Assessments in Cadet Populations

This study assessed potential physiological differences between the Ranger Challenge (RC) Competition team and junior year cadets in an Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program. The method included: RC (m = 11, f = 2) and junior year cadets (m = 7, f = 3) were assessed in the following areas: 1) quickness and agility (5-10-5 shuttle run), 2) total-body power (standing broad jump), and 3) grip strength (hand grip dynamometry) assessed. The 5-10-5 shuttle run was performed twice (opening once to the left and once to the right). The standing broad jump required that cadets stand with their toes behind a line, perform a maximum of three preparatory movements, triple extend their knees, hips, and ankles while using their upper body to propel them as far forward as possible. After the jump the distanced reached was measured from the line to the heel of the nearest foot. Hand grip dynamometry was performed once on each hand. The cadet held the dynamometer out to his or her side and squeezed it as they lowered it to their hip. The results were that there were no significant differences between groups for the 5-10-5 shuttle run (p = 0.91), standing broad jump (p = 0.49), or grip strength (p = 0.31). RC did not outperform

On the dynamics of vortex modes within magnetic islands

Recent work investigating the interaction of magnetic islands with micro-turbulence has uncovered the striking observation of large scale vortex modes forming within the island structure [W.A. Hornsby {\it et al.}, Phys. Plasmas {\bf 17} 092301 (2010)]. These electrostatic vortices are found to be the size of the island and are oscillatory. It is this oscillatory behaviour and the presence of turbulence that leads us to believe that the dynamics are related to the Geodesic Acoustic Mode (GAM), and it is this link that is investigated in this paper. Here we derive an equation for the GAM in the MHD limit, in the presence of a magnetic island modified three-dimensional axisymmetric geometry. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are calculated numerically and then utilised to analyse the dynamics of oscillatory large-scale electrostatic potential structures seen in both linear and non-linear gyro-kinetic simulations

Pesticide leaching potential assessment in multilayered soils.

The Attenuation Factor ( AF) model generalized for multilayered soils was used to estimate the leaching potentials of non-ionic and non-ionizable pesticides in Brazilian soils. The model applied takes into account pesticide and soil properties, as well as the net recharge rate. Advective transport of pesticides and piston water flow, instantaneous equilibrium between phases in soil, and first-order pesticide degradation were assumed. The highest overall leaching potential pesticides were Tebuthiuron and Hexazinone, which present half-life ( t½) values exceeding 90 days and sorption coefficient ( Koc) less than 80 mL/g. For all of the pesticides in the three soils, the percent of the pesticide entering at the top of each layer that exits, the bottom of that layer increased with depth because of the decrease in the pesticide travel time ( tr), which is, in turn, due to the lower retardation factor ( RF). In a Typic Quartzipsamment soil, the shortest water travel time values, due to the lowest field capacity ( FC) values, resulted in the highest AF values and leaching potential. Results allow estimating that about 54% of Tebuthiuron and 13% of Hexazinone that reaches the soil surface would pass through the top 120 cm of the Typic Quartzipsamment

Sorption and leaching potential of acidic herbicides in brazilian soils.

Leaching potentials of three acidic herbicides were assessed for three different Brazilian soils, by means of the multi-layered AFi model. Values of AFi were also calculated for each herbicide using a modified model (AFi*), where sorption coefficient (Kd) values are pH-dependent. The pH-dependent Kd values estimated for all three herbicides were always higher than pH-independent Kd values calculated using average Koc data. The pHdependent Kd values for the three herbicides evidenced a large variation from layer to layer following changes in OC and pH for the different soil depths. When OC decreases, Kd tends to decrease; on the other hand, lowering pH tends to increase Kd. For all three soils, OC and pH exhibit an overall decrease with depth. Despite differences between the pH-independent Kd and the pH-dependent Kd values, the AFi values for 2,4-D, calculated by the original multilayered-soil model and by the modified model (AFi*), were similarly low for all three soils, mostly due to the short half-life of 2,4-D. The pH-dependent AFi values for flumetsulam were always much lower than values calculated by the original multi-layered model. Therefore, the pH-independent model appears to overestimate leaching potential of flumetsulam. The AFi values for sulfentrazone calculated by the original and the modified models were similarly high for all three soils, despite the differences in Kd values. The long half-life of sulfentrazone mostly contributed to the similar high values of AFi for the three different soils. Overall AFi values showed large differences for sulfentrazone when calculated by the original and by the modified model (AFi*), owing to its high AF value for each layer. Thus, the original AFi model would seem to markedly overestimate the leaching potential for sulfentrazone, as well as for flumetsulam for these soil condition

Legitimate to whom? The challenge of audience diversity and new venture legitimacy

We examine how entrepreneurs manage new venture legitimacy judgments across diverse audiences, so as to appear legitimate to the different audience groups that provide much needed financial resources for venture survival and growth. To do so, we first identify and describe the different mechanisms by which entrepreneurs can establish new venture legitimacy across diverse audiences. We then account for the institutional logics that characterize different new venture audience groups, and use this as a basis for uncovering how and why the legitimacy criteria for a new technology venture may vary depending on the audience. We then consider how leaders of entrepreneurial ventures may use framing as a means to manage legitimacy judgments across various audiences, and thereby improve their chances of accessing critical financial resources for venture survival and growth

The role of network density and betweenness centrality in diffusing new venture legitimacy: an epidemiological approach

To survive and grow, new ventures must establish initial legitimacy, and subsequently diffuse this legitimacy through a given population. While the notion of initial legitimacy has received substantial attention in the recent literature, diffusion has not. This work endeavors to outline the legitimacy diffusion process via drawing parallels with the field of epidemiology. Ultimately, to effectively diffuse legitimacy (and grow) a firm must gain positive judgments of appropriateness from members of a given network. Importantly, as with diseases, the characteristics of the network are critical to the diffusion process. A relatively dense network is posited to invoke a normative evaluation process by its members, and can be difficult for new ventures to access, but subsequent diffusion of new venture legitimacy can be rapid. A less dense network, on the other hand, is posited to invoke a pragmatic evaluation process by its members, and is likely easier for new ventures to access initially, but may result in lower levels of new venture legitimacy diffusion in the long run. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed

Relative Impact of Highway Construction on Wetland Hydrology in Environmentally Sensitive Areas in Southeast Louisiana

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv