Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding a 20S proteasome 2 subunit from goldfish (Carassius auratus) and its expression analysis

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Electrical Conductivity as an Indicator to Assess the Suitability of River Water for Recreational Use

Urban rivers flowing through cities are places of recreation and relaxation for citizens. However, these rivers are sometimes contaminated by Escherichia coli (E. coli). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a simple method to investigate E. coli contamination in river water. From May to October 2019, water samples were collected from five locations in the Toga River in Kobe City, Japan, and the fecal coliform density (FCD) was measured, along with the electrical conductivity and the chloride ion concentration of the river water. Comparison of these water quality parameters with actual fecal coliform densities revealed a high correlation between electrical conductivity and FCD. Whereas, little correlation was found between FCD and chloride concentration. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the method that uses the electrical conductivity as an estimating parameter. The area under the curve (AUC) was used as a measure of the performance of the ROC curve algorithm. The calculated AUC value stayed high, above 0.95, over a wide range of FCD values, suggesting that this rapid monitoring method is appropriate for assessing the quantity of contaminating fecal coliforms in the range higher than 300/100 mL

A Sialylated Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channel Binds Hemagglutinin and Mediates Influenza A Virus Entry into Mammalian Cells

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is initiated by the attachment of the viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) to sialic acid on the host cell surface. However, the sialic acid-containing receptor crucial for IAV infection has remained unidentified. Here, we show that HA binds to the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 to trigger intracellular Ca2+ oscillations and subsequent IAV entry and replication. IAV entry was inhibited by Ca2+ channel blockers (CCBs) or by knockdown of Cav1.2. The CCB diltiazem also inhibited virus replication in vivo. Reintroduction of wild-type but not the glycosylation-deficient mutants of Cav1.2 restored Ca2+ oscillations and virus infection in Cav1.2-depleted cells, demonstrating the significance of Cav1.2 sialylation. Taken together, we identify Cav1.2 as a sialylated host cell surface receptor that binds HA and is critical for IAV entry