31 research outputs found
Bose Einstein condensation on inhomogeneous amenable graphs
We investigate the Bose-Einstein Condensation on nonhomogeneous amenable
networks for the model describing arrays of Josephson junctions. The resulting
topological model, whose Hamiltonian is the pure hopping one given by the
opposite of the adjacency operator, has also a mathematical interest in itself.
We show that for the nonhomogeneous networks like the comb graphs, particles
condensate in momentum and configuration space as well. In this case different
properties of the network, of geometric and probabilistic nature, such as the
volume growth, the shape of the ground state, and the transience, all play a
role in the condensation phenomena. The situation is quite different for
homogeneous networks where just one of these parameters, e.g. the volume
growth, is enough to determine the appearance of the condensation.Comment: 43 pages, 12 figures, final versio
Strain-Specific V3 and CD4 Binding Site Autologous HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Select Neutralization-Resistant Viruses.
The third variable (V3) loop and the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of the HIV-1 envelope are frequently targeted by neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in infected individuals. In chronic infection, HIV-1 escape mutants repopulate the plasma, and V3 and CD4bs nAbs emerge that can neutralize heterologous tier 1 easy-to-neutralize but not tier 2 difficult-to-neutralize HIV-1 isolates. However, neutralization sensitivity of autologous plasma viruses to this type of nAb response has not been studied. We describe the development and evolution in vivo of antibodies distinguished by their target specificity for V3 and CD4bs epitopes on autologous tier 2 viruses but not on heterologous tier 2 viruses. A surprisingly high fraction of autologous circulating viruses was sensitive to these antibodies. These findings demonstrate a role for V3 and CD4bs antibodies in constraining the native envelope trimer in vivo to a neutralization-resistant phenotype, explaining why HIV-1 transmission generally occurs by tier 2 neutralization-resistant viruses
Strain-Specific V3 and CD4 Binding Site Autologous HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Select Neutralization-Resistant Viruses
The third variable (V3) loop and the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of the HIV-1 envelope are frequently targeted by neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in infected individuals. In chronic infection, HIV-1 escape mutants repopulate the plasma, and V3 and CD4bs nAbs emerge that can neutralize heterologous tier 1 easy-to-neutralize, but not tier 2 difficult-to-neutralize HIV-1 isolates. However, neutralization sensitivity of autologous plasma viruses to this type of nAb response has not been studied. We describe the development and evolution in vivo of antibodies distinguished by their target specificity for V3and CD4bs epitopes on autologous tier 2 viruses but not on heterologous tier 2 viruses. A surprisingly high fraction of autologous circulating viruses was sensitive to these antibodies. These findings demonstrate a role for V3 and CD4bs antibodies in constraining the native envelope trimer in vivo to a neutralization-resistant phenotype, explaining why HIV-1 transmission generally occurs by tier 2 neutralization-resistant viruses
Utilization of recycled wood in biorefineries: Preliminary results of steam explosion and ethanol/water organosolv pulping without a catalyst
With overall higher use of wood and wooden materials in the future, the importance of recycled wood will increase. Recycled wood is currently used for the production of wood based composites and for combustion. In the future, use of recycled wood will also be important as feedstock for biorefineries for the production of bio-based chemicals and biofuels. The present paper gives preliminary results on the feasibility of A I recycled wood (German classification, natural wood only treated mechanically) in a steam explosion and organosolv pre-treatment process. The presence of inorganic pollutants and non-wooden material in recycled wood material was investigated. The effect of recycled wood heterogeneity (e.g., variable wood species and wide particle size distribution) on performance of wood pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis was also evaluated. Microeconomic analysis of lignocellulosic feedstock for a biorefinery using organosolv cooking was calculated with various price scenarios and various proportions of recycled wood instead of fresh beech chips. The results show that the concentration of inorganic pollutants is higher than in fresh wood but below the limit values for polluted wood. Preliminary results on steam explosion and ethanol based organosolv cooking without an acid catalyst showed typical behaviour of softwood for recycled wood of A I quality in respect of hydrolysability, thus being a potential future raw material for sugar production. A I recycled wood can be used in a biorefinery without major problems and can significantly improve the economics of investment in an industrial scale biorefinery
Additional file 6 of Single-cell analysis of immune cell transcriptome during HIV-1 infection and therapy
Additional file 6. Table S9: Genes differentially expressed between HIV-1-infected compared to seronegative CD4+ T cells
Additional file 10 of Single-cell analysis of immune cell transcriptome during HIV-1 infection and therapy
Additional file 10. Table S13: Genes correlated or anti-correlated with HIV-1 gag transcript expression
Additional file 9 of Single-cell analysis of immune cell transcriptome during HIV-1 infection and therapy
Additional file 9. Table S12: Genes differentially expressed between HIV-1-treated compared to seronegative CD8+ T cells
Additional file 4 of Single-cell analysis of immune cell transcriptome during HIV-1 infection and therapy
Additional file 4. Table S5: Genes differentially expressed between HIV-1-treated compared to seronegative