Astronomical Distance Determination in the Space Age: Secondary Distance Indicators

The formal division of the distance indicators into primary and secondary leads to difficulties in description of methods which can actually be used in two ways: with, and without the support of the other methods for scaling. Thus instead of concentrating on the scaling requirement we concentrate on all methods of distance determination to extragalactic sources which are designated, at least formally, to use for individual sources. Among those, the Supernovae Ia is clearly the leader due to its enormous success in determination of the expansion rate of the Universe. However, new methods are rapidly developing, and there is also a progress in more traditional methods. We give a general overview of the methods but we mostly concentrate on the most recent developments in each field, and future expectations. © 2018, The Author(s)

The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration and Intercomparison. I - Laboratory Characterization of Blackbody Targets

The second calibration and intercomparison of infrared radiometers (Miami2001) was held at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) during May-June 2001. The participants were from several groups involved with the validation of skin sea surface temperatures and land surface temperatures derived from the measurements of imaging radiometers on earth observation satellites. These satellite instruments include those currently on operational satellites and others that will be launched within two years following the workshop. There were two experimental campaigns carried out during the 1-week workshop: a set of measurements made by a variety of ship-based radiometers on board the Research Vessel F. G. Walton Smith in Gulf Stream waters off the eastern coast of Florida, and a set of laboratory measurements of typical external blackbodies used to calibrate these ship-based radiometers. This paper reports on the results obtained from the laboratory characterization on blackbody sources. A companion paper reports on the at-sea measurements. Five blackbody sources were intercompared by measurements of their brightness temperature using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Thermal-infrared Transfer Radiometer (TXR). Four of these sources are used for calibration of sea surface temperature radiometers. The fifth was a NIST water bath blackbody used for calibration of the TXR. All blackbodies agreed to better than +/- 0.1 C at blackbody temperatures near the ambient room temperature. Some of the blackbodies had reduced effective emissivity relative to the NIST water bath blackbody, and hence they began to disagree at blackbody temperatures far enough away ( > 15 C) from the ambient room temperature. For these, relative effective emissivity values were determined so that corrections can be applied if they are used in conditions of nonlaboratory ambient temperatures

Hydrothermal Formation Of Clay-carbonate Alteration Assemblages In The Nili Fossae Region Of Mars

The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) has returned observations of the Nili Fossae region indicating the presence of Mg-carbonate in small (<10km sq2), relatively bright rock units that are commonly fractured (Ehlmann et al., 2008b). We have analyzed spectra from CRISM images and used co-located HiRISE images in order to further characterize these carbonate-bearing units. We applied absorption band mapping techniques to investigate a range of possible phyllosilicate and carbonate minerals that could be present in the Nili Fossae region. We also describe a clay-carbonate hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblage in the Archean Warrawoona Group of Western Australia that is a potential Earth analog to the Nili Fossae carbonate-bearing rock units. 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Brazilian Analog For Ancient Marine Environments On Mars

[No abstract available]8936329330Bibring, J., Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations (2005) Science, 307, pp. 1576-1581Christensen, P.R., Detection of crystalline hematite mineralization on Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer. Evidence for near-surface water (2000) J. Geophys. Res, 105, pp. 9623-9642Connerney, J.E.P., Magnetic lineations in the ancient crust of Mars (1999) Science, 284, pp. 794-798Crowley, J.K., Spectral diversity of terrestrial banded iron formations and associated rocks: Implications for Mars remote sensing (2008) Lunar Planet Sci, 39, p. 1263Dalstra, H., Guedes, S., Giant hydrothermal hematite deposits with Mg-Fe metasomatism: A comparison of the Carajas, Hamersley, and other iron ores (2004) Econ. Geol, 99, pp. 1793-1800Fallacaro, A., Calvin, W.M., Spectral properties of Lake Superior banded iron formation: Application to Martian hematite deposits (2006) Astrobiology, 6, pp. 563-580Klein, C., Some Precambrian banded-iron formations (BIFs) from around the world: Their age, geologic setting, mineralogy, metamorphism, geochemistry, and origin (2005) Am. Mineral, 90, pp. 1473-1499Klein, C., Ladeira, E.A., Petrography and geochemistry of the least altered banded iron-formation of the Archean Carajas Formation, northern Brazil (2002) Econ. Geol, 97, pp. 643-651Squyres, S.W., In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars (2004) Science, 306, pp. 1709-1714Trendall, A.F., The significance of iron-formation in the Precambrian stratigraphic record (2002) Spec. Publ. Int. Assoc. Sedimentol, 33, pp. 33-66Trendall, A.F., Basei, M.A.S., de Laeter, J.R., Nelson, D.R., Ion microprobe zircon, U-Pb results from the Carajas area of the Amazon craton (1998) J. S. Am. Earth Sci, 11, pp. 265-27