Gingival Recession, Oral Hygiene and Associated Factors Among Tanzanian Women.

Females are generally more motivated with regard to oral hygiene practices and thus brush their teeth more frequently than males. To determine the prevalence of gingival recession, oral hygiene status, oral hygiene practices and associated factors in women attending a maternity ward in Tanzania. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Maternity ward of Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania. Four hundred and forty six women were interviewed on oral hygiene practices and maternal factors, and a full-mouth examination was done to determine the presence of plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and gingival recession at six sites per tooth. The prevalence of gingival recession (GR) > or =1 mm was 33.6%, calculus 99.3%, plaque 100%, and gingival bleeding 100%. Oral hygiene practices included toothbrushing (98.9%), brushing frequency > or =2 times/day (61.2%), horizontal brushing method (98%), and using a plastic toothbrush (97.8%). Factors that were significantly associated with gingival recession were age (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3-3.2), presence of calculus (OR(a) = 3.8, 95% CI=2.5-7.1), and gingival bleeding on probing (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 2.5-7.1). Tooth cleaning practices and maternal factors, especially the number of pregnancies or deliveries were not significantly associated with gingival recession. In this study population, oral hygiene was poor and gingival recession was associated with age, calculus and gingival inflammation rather than with tooth cleaning practices

An improved lower bound for (1,<=2)-identifying codes in the king grid

We call a subset $C$ of vertices of a graph $G$ a $(1,\leq \ell)$-identifying code if for all subsets $X$ of vertices with size at most $\ell$, the sets $\{c\in C |\exists u \in X, d(u,c)\leq 1\}$ are distinct. The concept of identifying codes was introduced in 1998 by Karpovsky, Chakrabarty and Levitin. Identifying codes have been studied in various grids. In particular, it has been shown that there exists a $(1,\leq 2)$-identifying code in the king grid with density 3/7 and that there are no such identifying codes with density smaller than 5/12. Using a suitable frame and a discharging procedure, we improve the lower bound by showing that any $(1,\leq 2)$-identifying code of the king grid has density at least 47/111

Development of an integrated BEM approach for hot fluid structure interaction

The development of a boundary element formulation for the study of hot fluid-structure interaction in earth-to-orbit engine hot section components is described. The initial primary thrust of the program to date was directed quite naturally toward the examination of fluid flow, since boundary element methods for fluids are at a much less developed state. This required the development of integral formulations for both the solid and fluid, and some preliminary infrastructural enhancements to a boundary element code to permit coupling of the fluid-structure problem. Boundary element formulations are implemented in two dimensions for both the solid and the fluid. The solid is modeled as an uncoupled thermoelastic medium under plane strain conditions, while several formulations are investigated for the fluid. For example, both vorticity and primitive variable approaches are implemented for viscous, incompressible flow, and a compressible version is developed. All of the above boundary element implementations are incorporated in a general purpose two-dimensional code. Thus, problems involving intricate geometry, multiple generic modeling regions, and arbitrary boundary conditions are all supported

'She, of Course, Holds No Political Opinions': Gendered Political Opinion Ground in Women's Forced Marriage Asylum Claims

Women continue to face challenges in having their asylum claims recognised under the Refugee Convention. This is to a significant extent due to the ways in which the Convention is applied to women’s claims, and is particularly the case in gender-based persecution claims. While there have been important advances in the field of gender and refugee law, contributing to an improved understanding of the relevance of gender within international refugee law, there remains a need for more gender-sensitive interpretations of the Convention. This article critiques the ways in which the political opinion ground of the Refugee Convention has been applied to some women’s forced marriage claims in the UK. Women’s gender-based persecution claims are often categorised under the membership of a particular social group ground and the political opinion ground remains an underused and narrowly interpreted category. Drawing on feminist critiques, it is argued that this demonstrates an underlying gendered politics, and that the political opinion ground can indeed be relevant to women’s asylum claims involving forced marriage. Women’s resistance to their gendered oppression in the form of forced marriage should be seen as a valid expression of their political opinion and agency

Development of an integrated BEM approach for hot fluid structure interaction

In the present work, the boundary element method (BEM) is chosen as the basic analysis tool, principally because the definition of temperature, flux, displacement and traction are very precise on a boundary-based discretization scheme. One fundamental difficulty is, of course, that a BEM formulation requires a considerable amount of analytical work, which is not needed in the other numerical methods. Progress made toward the development of a boundary element formulation for the study of hot fluid-structure interaction in Earth-to-Orbit engine hot section components is reported. The primary thrust of the program to date has been directed quite naturally toward the examination of fluid flow, since boundary element methods for fluids are at a much less developed state

Guidelines for a Brief Neurological Nursing Assessment in Acute Care : A Literature Review

Every year in Finland approximately 25 000 people suffer from cerebrovascular disorders, such as strokes or transient ischemic attacks. If the prevention of these illnesses is not enhanced, morbidity is predicted to increase. There is an expectation that all nurses, regardless of their specialty, are able to perform a brief neurological assessment, identify the symptoms and, furthermore, respond to these as a medical emergency. The topic was the guidelines for a brief neurological nursing assessment in acute care. The aim was to collect guidelines for a brief neurological nursing assessment of a patient in acute care. The purpose was that nurses would acquire the knowledge of performing a brief evidence-based neurological assessment and that they would thus be able to differentiate abnormalities and arrange appropriate follow-up care. The method of the study was a narrative literature review. The data was collected from the article databases of EBSCO CINAHL, PubMed and Medic. The process consisted of limiting the topic, forming the research question, collecting relevant data, selecting articles, analyzing the data and reporting the findings. Eight (8) studies were selected for the final literature review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results highlighted six key components deemed most vital in a brief neurological assessment. The key components were as follows: history taking; level of consciousness; orientation, speech and language; pupillary assessment; vital signs; and motor assessment. It is hoped that this study would increase awareness of the topic and that professional competence could be further developed among health care professionals. In the future, it would be beneficial to conduct research on whether nurses are aware of and motivated to utilize newly found evidence-based methods in their work.Suomessa vuosittain noin 25 000 ihmistä kärsii aivoverenkiertohäiriöistä, kuten aivohalvauksista tai ohimenevästä aivoverenkiertohäiriöstä. Mikäli näiden sairauksien ehkäisyä ei tehosteta, sairastavuuden ennustetaan kasvavan. Kaikkien sairaanhoitajien oletetaan, erikoisalasta riippumatta, kykenevän suorittamaan lyhyen neurologisen arvioinnin, tunnistamaan oireet, ja lisäksi reagoimaan näihin hätätilanteena. Tavoitteena oli koota ohjeet lyhyeen sairaanhoitajan toteuttamaan neurologiseen arviointiin akuutissa hoidossa. Tarkoituksena on, että sairaanhoitajat saavat näyttöön perustuvaa tietoa lyhyen neurologisen arvioinnin suorittamisesta ja osaavat siten erottaa poikkeavuudet ja järjestää asianmukaista jatkohoitoa. Menetelmä oli narratiivinen kirjallisuuskatsaus. Aineisto kerättiin tietokannoista EBSCO CINAHL, PubMed ja Medic. Prosessi koostui aiheen rajaamisesta, tutkimuskysymyksen muodostamisesta, relevantin datan kokoamisesta, artikkeleiden valinnasta, datan analysoinnista ja havaintojen raportoinnista. Kahdeksan (8) tutkimusta valittiin lopulliseen kirjallisuuskatsaukseen mukaan poissulkukriteereiden pohjalta. Tulosten mukaan lyhyessä neurologisessa arviossa on kuusi tärkeintä avainkomponenttia, jotka olivat seuraavat: esitietojen kerääminen; tajunnantaso; orientaatio, puhe ja kieli; pupillien arviointi; vitaalit; ja motoriikan arviointi. On toivottavaa, että tietoisuus aiheesta lisääntyisi tutkimuksen kautta ja ammattitaitoa voitaisiin kehittää edelleen terveydenhuollon ammattilaisten keskuudessa. Tulevaisuudessa olisi hyödyllistä tehdä tutkimusta siitä, ovatko sairaanhoitajat tietoisia ja motivoituneita hyödyntämään uusia, näyttöön perustuvia menetelmiä työssään