An Overview of Demand Response : From its Origins to the Smart Energy Community

The need to improve power system performance, enhance reliability, and reduce environmental effects, as well as advances in communication infrastructures, have led to demand response (DR) becoming an essential part of smart grid operation. DR can provide power system operators with a range of flexible resources through different schemes. From the operational decision-making viewpoint, in practice, each scheme can affect the system performance differently. Therefore, categorizing different DR schemes based on their potential impacts on the power grid, operational targets, and economic incentives can embed a pragmatic and practical perspective into the selection approach. In order to provide such insights, this paper presents an extensive review of DR programs. A goal-oriented classification based on the type of market, reliability, power flexibility and the participants’ economic motivation is proposed for DR programs. The benefits and barriers based on new classes are presented. Every involved party, including the power system operator and participants, can utilize the proposed classification to select an appropriate plan in the DR-related ancillary service ecosystem. The various enabling technologies and practical strategies for the application of DR schemes in various sectors are reviewed. Following this, changes in the procedure of DR schemes in the smart community concept are studied. Finally, the direction of future research and development in DR is discussed and analyzed.© 2021 IEEE. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Local Energy Trading in Future Distribution Systems

Today, the pace of development of decentralized transactive management systems has increased significantly due to growing renewable energy source technologies and communication infrastructure at the distribution system level. Such bilateral energy transactions have changed the structure of electricity markets and led to the emergence of a local energy market in electricity distribution. While examining this change of attitude, this paper analyzes the effects of local market formation on the performance and performance of distribution companies. Accordingly, the technical requirements in the three areas of operation, network control, and ICT in the new workspace are thoroughly examined. The hardware requirements will be presented in two parts for the end-user and the distribution systems. Then, the proposed local distribution market framework will be introduced, and finally, the conclusion will be presented

An economic demand management strategy for passive consumers considering demand-side management schemes and microgrid operation

In a modern power system, a consumer can economically meet its demand by choosing the right strategy. The first and most convenient option, but obviously not the economic one, is to buy energy directly from the different electricity markets. The next choice, to minimize costs, is to supply electricity using the local generations. The latter can evoke the concept of microgrid if self-sufficiency exists. Meanwhile, alongside these choices, demand-side management (DSM) schemes are efficient supplementary solutions in the economic provision of demand. In fact, the efficient strategies of microgrids and DSM can be applied to the customer side to enhance loads flexibility. Despite the provision of significant advantages, the economic operation of microgrids is one of the most critical challenges in the power system. In response to this challenge, DSM, which is an efficient strategy that has provided considerable potentials in the restructured power systems, can be the resolution. In this chapter, the impact of customers’ participation level in demand response (DR) programs alongside its operation in the form of microgrid are investigated from the economic point of view. An approach is proposed to evaluate the installation and operation costs of a microgrid versus DR cost to opt an economic demanding strategy for a large-scale consumer. Two DR programs including price-based DR (PDR) and incentive-based DR (IDR) are considered in the studies. The proposed model is implemented in three real case studies that are investigated through simulations to study the different aspects of the problem. The results illustrate significant benefits that are obtained by applying the proposed economic management