From Rural to Urban Environments: Human/Systems Simulation Research for Low Altitude UAS Traffic Management (UTM)

This paper describes the human/systems simulation research within NASA's UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System) Traffic Management (UTM) project. The paper starts with a short description of the UTM project, then presents the UTM development schedule briefly, before leading into more detailed discussions of the simulation test beds current capabilities, as well as the ongoing and planned human/systems research activities

Allocation of Functions in a Far-Term Air Traffic Control Environment

A human-in-the-loop exploration of a ground-based automated separation assurance concept was conducted that involved the allocation of certain functions between humans and automation. This exploration included operations that were sustained for prolonged periods of time with high levels of traffic in the presence of convective weather and scheduling constraints. An investigation into the acceptability of the defined roles and performance of tasks was conducted where it was found that the participants rated the concept and allocation of functions with a high level of acceptability. However, issues were encountered with the automation related to the detection of and response to tactical conflicts. Lower ratings were given on account of these concerns, and it was found that a key contributor to the underlying problems was transitioning aircraft and the uncertainty of their trajectories. Stemming from those results, participants responded that they would rather have direct control over aircraft transitions as well as more control over the tactical conflict resolution automation. In contrast, participants responded that they would rather have the automation place aircraft back on trajectory, and perform weather avoidance and scheduling tasks

UAS Service Supplier Specification

Within the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) system, the UAS Service Supplier (USS) is a key component. The USS serves several functions. At a high level, those include the following: Bridging communication between UAS Operators and Flight Information Management System (FIMS) Supporting planning of UAS operations Assisting strategic deconfliction of the UTM airspace Providing information support to UAS Operators during operations Helping UAS Operators meet their formal requirements This document provides the minimum set of requirements for a USS. In order to be recognized as a USS within UTM, successful demonstration of satisfying the requirements described herein will be a prerequisite. To ensure various desired qualities (security, fairness, availability, efficiency, maintainability, etc.), this specification relies on references to existing public specifications whenever possible

A Novel Application of TMA to Converging Runway Operations in a Simulated NextGen Environment

In 2013, the Airspace Operations Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center conducted a human-in-the-loop simulation that examined the feasibility of applying a number of Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) solutions to complex arrival operations in and around the New York metroplex. The delivery of arrivals to Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) was the focus of this simulation, which involved extending the Terminal Sequencing and Spacing (TSS) scheduling capability to precisely schedule arrivals to intersecting runways 22 Left and 11. An important enabler for the concept was the availability of a dependent runway scheduler that was able to coordinate arrival times between aircraft landing on intersecting runways. At the time of the study, there was no functionality within the TSS scheduler to automatically create the dependent runway schedules. Instead, a Traffic Management Coordinator (TMC) manually created a de-conflicted schedule, which allowed for the concept to be tested as well as provided valuable insight into the tool requirements for a dependent runway scheduler. Throughout the course of preparations for the simulation, the individual serving as the TMC developed a number of strategies and procedures for manually adjusting the Scheduled Time of Arrival (STA) of the EWR arrivals in order to ensure that adequate spacing was provided between runway 22L and 11 arrival pairs. This paper describes the strategies and procedures that were developed and details how they were successfully applied during the simulation. Results will also be presented that shed additional light on exactly how the schedules were manipulated and their impact on delivery performance and safety. Ideas for additional TSS enhancements and next steps, based on participant feedback, will also be presented

Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM): Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace

This is a presentation for a Cisco Internet of Things (IoT) Systems Engineering Virtual Training (SEVT) event. The presentation provides an overview of the UTM concept, architecture, flight test events, and lessons learned. Networking hardware used in support of flight tests is also described

UAS Traffic Management (UTM) Simulation Capabilities and Laboratory Environment

NASA has engaged in collaborative research with the FAA to explore the concepts and requirements necessary to enable the safe and scalable application of small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in low-altitude airspace. In this effort, the UAS Traffic Management (UTM) project has developed a multi-faceted simulation component that supports near-term live flight testing in addition to further term concept exploration. This paper provides an overview of the simulation capabilities currently available as part of the UTM project and the laboratory environment in which they are applied

Functional Allocation for Ground-Based Automated Separation Assurance in NextGen

As part of an ongoing research effort into functional allocation in a NextGen environment, a controller-in-the-loop study on ground-based automated separation assurance was conducted at NASA Ames' Airspace Operations Laboratory in February 2010. Participants included six FAA front line managers, who are currently certified professional controllers and four recently retired controllers. Traffic scenarios were 15 and 30 minutes long where controllers interacted with advanced technologies for ground-based separation assurance, weather avoidance, and arrival metering. The automation managed the separation by resolving conflicts automatically and involved controllers only by exception, e.g., when the automated resolution would have been outside preset limits. Results from data analyses show that workload was low despite high levels of traffic, Operational Errors did occur but were closely tied to local complexity, and safety acceptability ratings varied with traffic levels. Positive feedback was elicited for the overall concept with discussion on the proper allocation of functions and trust in automation

UTM RTT CWG Concept & Use Cases Package #2

The Concept & Use Cases Package #2: Technical Capability Level 3 document represents the collaborative research efforts between the FAA and NASA as joint members of the Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) Research Transition Team (RTT). Contained in this document are the 1) Terms and Definitions, 2) Foundational Principles, 3) Concept Narratives, 4) Use Cases, 5) Operational Views, and 6) Roles and Responsibilities of actors interacting within what is considered to be encompassed by Technical Capability Level 3 UTM operating environments. The contents of Package #2 should NOT be considered established policy or construed as regulatory in nature. What is presented is meant to communicate the current, agreed upon understanding between the FAA and NASA on particular features of UTM as exemplified through use cases and concept narratives for the purposes of supporting joint NASA/Industry Demonstrations and the UTM Pilot Program. It is also meant to foster discussion and refinement of the concepts and approaches being pursued by the other RTT working groups

Case Study: Influences of Uncertainties and Traffic Scenario Difficulties in a Human-in-the-Loop Simulation

This paper presents a case study of how factors such as wind prediction errors and metering delays can influence controller performance and workload in Human-In-The-Loop simulations. Retired air traffic controllers worked two arrival sectors adjacent to the terminal area. The main tasks were to provide safe air traffic operations and deliver the aircraft to the metering fix within +/- 25 seconds of the scheduled arrival time with the help of provided decision support tools. Analyses explore the potential impact of metering delays and system uncertainties on controller workload and performance. The results suggest that trajectory prediction uncertainties impact safety performance, while metering fix accuracy and workload appear subject to the scenario difficulty