Small Angular Scale Simulations of the Microwave Sky

We describe and compare two types of microwave sky simulations which are good for small angular scales. The first type uses expansions in spherical harmonics, and the second one is based on plane waves and the Fast Fourier Transform. The angular power spectrum is extracted from maps corresponding to both types of simulations, and the resulting spectra are appropriately compared. In this way, the features and usefulness of Fourier simulations are pointed out. For $\ell \geq 100$, all the simulations lead to similar accuracies; however, the CPU cost of Fourier simulations is $\sim 10$ times smaller than that for spherical harmonic simulations. For $\ell \leq 100$, the simulations based on spherical harmonics seem to be preferable.Comment: 16 pages (LATEX), 2 postcript figures. Accepted in Ap

Osmolality of liquid oral medicines

Osmolalidad, como pH y viscosidad son parámetros a considerar para la administración de fármacos por sonda pospilórica. Si bien la literatura no es exactamente coincidente, la osmolalidad no debería ser mayor a 500-600 mOsm/kg ya que valores superiores podrían causar distensión abdominal e irritación de la mucosa intestinal. Este dato no se encuentra disponible en la información provista por el laboratorio para las formas farmacéuticas líquidas orales. Objetivos: Determinación de la osmolalidad de 16 presentaciones líquidas de uso oral: jarabes, soluciones y suspensiones, comercializadas en la República Argentina. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional con 16 medicamentos elegidos al azar en formas farmacéuticas líquidas, entre las cuales se incluyeron diferentes marcas de un mismo principio activo. Se determinó su osmolalidad (en mOsm/kg de H2O) con un osmómetro μOSMETTE Model 5004 de PRECISION SYSTEMS. Resultados y discusión: De las presentaciones medidas, 12 tienen una osmolalidad superior a 600 mOsm/kg, por lo que requerirán ser diluidas para su administración pospilórica. Dis- tintas especialidades con un mismo principio activo dan valores muy diferentes, depen- diendo de sus excipientes. Conclusiones: Debe tenerse en cuenta los diferentes valores de osmolalidad que presentan distintas especialidades conteniendo un mismo principio activo. Ante la dificultad que im- plica su determinación y el probable error que se cometería al utilizar información prove- niente de otros países, sería útil que la osmolalidad fuera incluida como parte de la información del medicamento, especificando si es conveniente diluirlo para esta forma de administración.Osmolality as well as pH and viscosity are parameters to take into account when me- dicines must be administered via long enteral feeding tubes. Literature is not coincident about osmolality limits, but it shouldn ́t be over 500- 600 mOsm/Kg because it could produce abdominal pain and irritation of the intestinal mucose. This fact is not included by the manufacturers in the product information in our country. Objective: To determine osmolality of 16 different oral liquid medicines chosen ran- domly, syrups, solutions and suspensions, marketed in the Argentine Republic. Material and methods: An observational study was performed selecting randomly 16 liquid oral medicines, including different brands of the same active ingredient. Osmo- lality was determined, in mOsm/kg, by using an osmometer μOsmette Model 5004 from Precison Systems Results: 12 out of 16 had an osmolality over 600 mOsm/kg and should be diluted be- fore postpyloric administration. Different brands with the same active ingredient show very different values depending on their excipients. Conclusions: Different osmolalities of medicines containing the same active ingredient must be taken into account. Osmolality measurements are sometimes difficult to per- form and errors could be made if values from foreign medicines ́ brands are conside- red. It would be of great benefit if manufacturers included information about postpyloric administration of liquid medicines, especially if they must be diluted.Fil: Grunbaum, Julia E.. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Lopez Holtmann, G. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Elesgaray, Rosana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiología Humana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; Argentin

Calculations of Adsorption-Dependent Refractive Indices of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Gas Sensing Applications

Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) is One of the Most Challenging Tasks in Modelling Breath Analyzers Because of their Low Concentrations (Parts-Per-Billion (Ppb) to Parts-Per-Million (Ppm)) in Breath and the High Humidity Levels in Exhaled Breaths. the Refractive Index is One of the Crucial Optical Properties of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Which is Changeable Via the Variation of Gas Species and Concentrations that Can Be Utilized as Gas Detectors. Herein, for the First Time, We Used Lorentz–Lorentz, Maxwell–Ga, and Bruggeman Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) Equations to Compute the Percentage Change in the Index of Refraction (∆n%) of ZIF-7, ZIF-8, ZIF-90, MIL-101(Cr) and HKUST-1 Upon Exposure to Ethanol at Various Partial Pressures. We Also Determined the Enhancement Factors of the Mentioned MOFs to Assess the Storage Capability of MOFs and the Biosensors\u27 Selectivity through Guest-Host Interactions, Especially, at Low Guest Concentrations

Pion Content of the Nucleon as seen in the NA51 Drell-Yan experiment

In a recent CERN Drell-Yan experiment the NA51 group found a strong asymmetry of $\bar u$ and $\bar d$ densities in the proton at $x\simeq0.18$. We interpret this result as a decisive confirmation of the pion-induced sea in the nucleon.Comment: 10 pages + 3 figures, Preprint KFA-IKP(TH)-1994-14 .tex file. After \enddocument a uu-encodeded Postscript file comprising the figures is appende

Primordial nucleosynthesis and hadronic decay of a massive particle with a relatively short lifetime

In this paper we consider the effects on big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) of the hadronic decay of a long-lived massive particle. If high-energy hadrons are emitted near the BBN epoch ($t \sim 10^{-2}$ -- $10^2 \sec$), they extraordinarily inter-convert the background nucleons each other even after the freeze-out time of the neutron to proton ratio. Then, produced light element abundances are changed, and that may result in a significant discrepancy between standard BBN and observations. Especially on the theoretical side, now we can obtain a lot of experimental data of hadrons and simulate the hadronic decay process executing the numerical code of the hadron fragmentation even in the high energy region where we have no experimental data. Using the light element abundances computed in the hadron-injection scenario, we derive a constraint on properties of such a particle by comparing our theoretical results with observations.Comment: 33 pages, 14 postscript figures, reference added, typo corrected, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Pion and Rho Structure Functions from Lattice QCD

We calculate the lower moments of the deep-inelastic structure functions of the pion and the rho meson on the lattice. Of particular interest to us are the spin-dependent structure functions of the rho. The calculations are done with Wilson fermions and for three values of the quark mass, so that we can perform an extrapolation to the chiral limit.Comment: 30pp, LaTeX2e with 15 eps figures using epsfig. Postscript file also available from ftp://ftp.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/pub/cbest/pionrho.ps or http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~cbest/pionrho.p

Leptogenesis via multiscalar coherent evolution with supersymmetric neutrino see-saw

A novel scenario of leptogenesis is investigated in the supersymmetric neutrino see-saw model. The right-handed sneutrino ${\tilde N}$ and the $\phi$ field in the ${\tilde L} H_u$ direction of the slepton and Higgs doublets start together coherent evolution after the inflation with right-handed neutrino mass $M_N$ smaller than the Hubble parameter of inflation. Then, after some period the motion of ${\tilde N}$ and $\phi$ is drastically changed by the cross coupling $M_N h_\nu {\tilde N}^* \phi \phi$ from the $M_N N N$ and $h_\nu N L H_u$ terms, and the significant asymmetries of ${\tilde N}$ and ${\tilde L}$ are generated. The ${\tilde L}$ asymmetry is fixed later by the thermal effect as the lepton number asymmetry for baryogenesis, while the ${\tilde N}$ asymmetry disappears through the decays ${\tilde N} \to {\bar L} {\bar{\tilde H}}_u, {\tilde L} H_u$ with almost the same rate but opposite final lepton numbers.Comment: 4pages, 1 figure; submitted to Physical Review D. The renormalization group effects were include