Nitrogen Containing Additives for Simultaneous Reduction of KCl and NOx during Biomass Combustion in a CFB Boiler

High levels of alkali chlorides in the flue gas can cause enhanced deposit formation and superheater corrosion during combustion of biofuels. These alkali chlorides mainly originate from potassium chloride (KCl). A challenge during combustion of biofuels is to simultaneously reduce NOx and KCl. The ChlorOut concept has been developed by Vattenfall to minimise deposit formation and corrosion. It consists of IACM, an instrument for on-line measurements of gaseous alkali chlorides, and a sulphate-containing additive that converts alkali chlorides to less corrosive alkali sulphates. The sulphate-containing additive is often ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, and, therefore, a significant NOx reduction is also achieved. This paper presents the results from a comparison of the conventional SNCR additives (ammonia or urea) and (NH4)2SO4 for reduction of NOx and/or KCl during combustion in a CFB boiler. The fuel consisted of either a mixture of wood chips and wood pellets with added PVC or with straw pellets. Of special interest was the influence of sulphation of KCl in parallel to the reduction of NO and if these processes interact. The results show that there are rather small differences in performance concerning NOx reduction between the additives

Nitrogen Containing Additives for Simultaneous Reduction of KCl and NOx during Biomass Combustion in a CFB Boiler

High levels of alkali chlorides in the flue gas can cause enhanced deposit formation and superheater corrosion during combustion of biofuels. These alkali chlorides mainly originate from potassium chloride (KCl). A challenge during combustion of biofuels is to simultaneously reduce NOx and KCl. The ChlorOut concept has been developed by Vattenfall to minimise deposit formation and corrosion. It consists of IACM, an instrument for on-line measurements of gaseous alkali chlorides, and a sulphate-containing additive that converts alkali chlorides to less corrosive alkali sulphates. The sulphate-containing additive is often ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, and, therefore, a significant NOx reduction is also achieved. This paper presents the results from a comparison of the conventional SNCR additives (ammonia or urea) and (NH4)2SO4 for reduction of NOx and/or KCl during combustion in a CFB boiler. The fuel consisted of either a mixture of wood chips and wood pellets with added PVC or with straw pellets. Of special interest was the influence of sulphation of KCl in parallel to the reduction of NO and if these processes interact. The results show that there are rather small differences in performance concerning NOx reduction between the additives

Nitrogen containing additives for simultaneous reduction of KCL and NOx during biomass combustion in a CFB boiler

High levels of alkali chlorides in the flue gas can cause enhanced deposit formation and superheater corrosion during combustion of biofuels. These alkali chlorides mainlyoriginate from potassium chloride (KCl). A challenge during combustion of biofuels is to simultaneously reduce NOx and KCl. The ChlorOut concept has been developed by Vattenfallto minimise deposit formation and corrosion. It consists of IACM, an instrument for on-line measurements of gaseous alkali chlorides, and a sulphate-containing additive that converts alkali chlorides to less corrosive alkali sulphates. The sulphate-containing additive is oftenammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, and, therefore, a significant NOx reduction is also achieved.This paper presents the results from a comparison of the conventional SNCR additives (ammonia or urea) and (NH4)2SO4 for reduction of NOx and/or KCl during combustion in a CFB boiler. The fuel consisted of either a mixture of wood chips and wood pellets with added PVC or with straw pellets. Of special interest was the influence of sulphation of KCl in parallel to the reduction of NO and if these processes interact. The results show that there are rather small differences in performance concerning NOx reduction between the additives

Uppsala Underdogs - A Robot Soccer Project

In this paper, we describe the four-legged soccer team Uppsala Underdogs developed by a group of 4th year computer science students at Uppsala University during the fall of 2004. The project is based on the experience from two similar previous projects. This year the emphasis of the project has been on distribution of data and on support for evaluation and reconfiguration of strategies. To support data distribution, a middleware has been developed, which implements a replication algorithm and provides a clean interface for the other software modules (or behaviors). To enable easy reconfiguration of strategies, an automata-based graphical description language has been developed, which can be compiled into code that uses the database and the lower level modules, such as tactics and positioning, to make decisions and control the robot. In addition, a graphical simulator has been developed in which the strategies can be evaluated

CyberArts 2002

This publication contains information on the winners of the Prix Ars Electronica for the 2002 Ars Electronica festival. The book's structure follows that of the event, which was divided into five categories: Net Vision and Net Excellence, Interactive Art, Computer Animation and Visual Effects, Digital Musics, and Cybergeneration. Includes texts by jury members introducing each category, and brief statements by selected artists. Biographical notes