Using a Service Learning - Peer Mentoring Project to Prepare OT Students for their Role in Post-secondary Transition Services

A service-learning pilot project involving occupational therapy (OT) students and individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) is described. The purpose of this pilot project, developed using Transformative Learning Theory, was to determine if service-learning could be a viable approach to provide in-depth learning in areas only superficially covered in a typical OT curriculum. The objectives of this experience were focused on developing the knowledge and skills needed to address a noted gap in OT practice, post-secondary transition services for individuals with IDD. Using a peer-mentor approach, OT students were matched with young adults with IDD for a fieldwork Level I experience that continued for nine months. Weekly experiences for the mentees were planned by their mentors who also participated in advocacy on campus to facilitate an environment fostering social inclusiveness. Students engaged in 12 online threaded discussions and participated in a focus group interview one month after the program ended. Data were analyzed to examine the effectiveness of the peer mentor approach in expanding students’ knowledge and perception of their role in transition services. Data revealed increased knowledge of the diverse challenges and strengths of individuals with IDD, increased knowledge of the goals and activities provided by post-secondary transition services, and an understanding of how OT services could contribute to such services. These benefits are exactly those needed to contribute to transition services, demonstrating that, at least for this content area, service-learning is a viable approach to addressing noted gaps in practice

Separating the scales in a compressible interstellar medium

We apply Gaussian smoothing to obtain mean density, velocity, magnetic and energy density fields in simulations of the interstellar medium based on three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equations in a shearing box $1\times1\times2 \, \rm{kpc}$ in size. Unlike alternative averaging procedures, such as horizontal averaging, Gaussian smoothing retains the three-dimensional structure of the mean fields. Although Gaussian smoothing does not obey the Reynolds rules of averaging, physically meaningful central statistical moments are defined as suggested by Germano (1992). We discuss methods to identify an optimal smoothing scale $\ell$ and the effects of this choice on the results. From spectral analysis of the magnetic, density and velocity fields, we find a suitable smoothing length for all three fields, of $\ell \approx 75 \, \rm{pc}$. We discuss the properties of third-order statistical moments in fluctuations of kinetic energy density in compressible flows and suggest their physical interpretation. The mean magnetic field, amplified by a mean-field dynamo, significantly alters the distribution of kinetic energy in space and between scales, reducing the magnitude of kinetic energy at intermediate scales. This intermediate-scale kinetic energy is a useful diagnostic of the importance of SN-driven outflows

Comparison of performance outcomes after general practice training in remote and rural or and regional locations in Australia

General practice training is provided in geographically diverse locations across Australia to promote the development of the rural and remote medical workforce. Training in rural and remote locations supports learning locally required types of medical practice and builds both social and professional connections that increase the likelihood of trainees later practising in these communities.1,2 The remote learning model appears to be successful,3 but a 2020 scoping review found only limited evidence for the equivalence of learning outcomes after training in remote or less remote locations.4 We therefore compared formative assessment outcomes for general practice trainees in remote locations with those of trainees in rural or regional locations

Development and psychometric properties of the birth satisfaction scale-revised (BSS-R)

Objective: to assess factor structure, validity and reliability of the Birth Satisfaction Scale (BSS) and to develop a short-form version of the tool.Design: a quantitative design focused on evaluating psychometric properties of the BSS using factor structure, internal consistency, divergent reliability and known groups validity.Setting:Ayrshire maternity unit community midwife bases that serve the obstetric population of Ayrshire, Scotland (UK).Participants: a convenience sample of healthy women (n=228

A narrative review of maternal physical activity during labour and its effects upon length of first stage.

Women in western countries generally lie semi-recumbent during first stage of labour, when perhaps it is more natural to move around. Consequently carers are unaware of what constitutes instinctive behaviours and their outcomes. With this in mind, a structured narrative review of the literature identified what prior research has shown about the impact of maternal movement upon length of first stage; results are ambiguous, with 11 studies reporting no alteration to length and 7 reporting shortening. These studies fail to adequately detail time spent mobilising and what in fact constituted walking, squatting, upright, lying lateral, supine or semi-recumbent, and their direct effects upon progress of first stage. Advancements in knowledge are required to progress understanding about maternal activity during labour and its outcomes

A survey of women's birth experiences in Scotland using the birth satisfaction scale (BSS).

Objective: To explore: (1) childbearing women’s experiences of ‘birth satisfaction’ and (2) identify contexts in which it is more appropriate to use the 30-item Birth Satisfaction Scale (BSS) or the 10-item BSS-Revised (BSS-R).Study design: A quantitative survey was conducted using the 30-item BSS. As a function of completing the 30-item BSS, participants also completed the short-form 10-item BSS-R.Participants: A convenience sample of post-natal women (n=228) attending for National Health Service (NHS) care at the Ayrshire Maternity Unit in the West of Scotland (UK) participated. Participants were within their first 10 post-natal days.Results: The 30-item BSS mean scores = 115.84 (SD 14.05). The thematically determined subscale mean scores of quality of care provision (BSS-QC; 8-items), women’s personal attributes (BSS-WA; 8-items) and stress experienced during labour (BSS-SL;14-items) subscales, were 32.2 (4.09), 31.9 (4.16) and 51.73 (8.04) respectively. Women experienced greater ‘birth satisfaction’ when they had a Spontaneous Vertex Delivery compared with a complicated delivery. Primigravidas were generally less ‘birth satisfied’ than multiparous women.Key conclusions: Overall assessment of care was complimentary, with global levels of ‘birth satisfaction’ generally high. In response to psychometric tests, the 30-item BSS has been trimmed down to a statistically robust, valid and reliable 10-item BSS-R.Implications for practice: Now that a valid and reliable 10-item BSS has been developed to measure women’s experiences of childbirth, it can be used to assess differences between variables such as home and hospital birth, or to establish correlates with other valid measures. We advance our study as an important contribution to person-centered maternal healthcare

Contact Force and Scanning Velocity during Active Roughness Perception

Haptic perception is bidirectionally related to exploratory movements, which means that exploration influences perception, but perception also influences exploration. We can optimize or change exploratory movements according to the perception and/or the task, consciously or unconsciously. This paper presents a psychophysical experiment on active roughness perception to investigate movement changes as the haptic task changes. Exerted normal force and scanning velocity are measured in different perceptual tasks (discrimination or identification) using rough and smooth stimuli. The results show that humans use a greater variation in contact force for the smooth stimuli than for the rough stimuli. Moreover, they use higher scanning velocities and shorter break times between stimuli in the discrimination task than in the identification task. Thus, in roughness perception humans spontaneously use different strategies that seem effective for the perceptual task and the stimuli. A control task, in which the participants just explore the stimuli without any perceptual objective, shows that humans use a smaller contact force and a lower scanning velocity for the rough stimuli than for the smooth stimuli. Possibly, these strategies are related to aversiveness while exploring stimuli

The Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised Indicator (BSS-RI)

Background: The current study sought to develop a short birth satisfaction indicator utilising items from the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) for use as a brief measure of birth satisfaction and as a possible key performance indicator for perinatal service delivery evaluation. Building on the recently developed BSS-R, the study aimed to develop a simplified version of the instrument to assess birth satisfaction easily that could work as a short evaluative measure of clinical service delivery for labour and birth that is consistent with policy documents, placing women at the centre of the birth experience.Methods: The six item Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised Indicator (BSS-RI) was embedded within the 2014 National Maternity Survey for England. A random selection of mothers who had given birth in a two week period in England were surveyed three months after the birth. Using a two-stage design and split-half dataset, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, convergent, divergent and known-groups discriminant validity evaluation were conducted in a secondary analysis of the survey data.Results: Using this large population based survey of recent mothers the short revised measure was found to comprise two distinct domains of birth satisfaction, ‘stress and emotional response to labour and birth’ and ‘quality of care’. The psychometric qualities of the tool were robust as were the indices of validity and reliability evaluated.Conclusion: The BSS-RI represents a short easily administered and scored measure of women’s satisfaction with care and the experience of labour and birth. The instrument is potentially useful for researchers, service evaluation and policy makers