Transport of Mars atmospheric water into high northern latitudes during a polar warming

Several numerical experiments were conducted with a simplified tracer transport model in order to attempt to examine the poleward transport of Mars atmospheric water during a polar warming like that which occurred during the winter solstice dust storm of 1977. The flow for the transport experiments was taken from numerical simulations with a nonlinear beta-plane dynamical model. Previous studies with this model have demonstrated that a polar warming having essential characteristics like those observed during the 1977 dust storm can be produced by a planetary wave mechanism analogous to that responsible for terrestrial sudden stratospheric warmings. Several numerical experiments intended to simulate water transport in the absence of any condensation were carried out. These experiments indicate that the flow during a polar warming can transport very substantial amounts of water to high northern latitudes, given that the water does not condense and fall out before reaching the polar region

Numerical simulations of dust transport into northern high latitudes during a Martian polar warming

The formation and evolution of the polar laminated terrain depends on rates of dust transport to the polar caps. A simplified dynamical model is shown similar to models used to simulate terrestrial stratospheric polar warmings could simulate certain observed features of the circulation during Martian global dust storms. Model simulations of dust transport showed that substantial quantities of dust, enough to produce optical depths of approx. 1, could reach the pole during these storms

Mr. Justice Cardozo. Joseph P. Pollard. York Press, N. Y. 1935.

Review of "Mr. Justice Cardozo" by Joseph P. Pollar

Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: a case study of excellence in biomedical research

"This paper is a small part of a much larger historical and cross-national research agenda in which the author has been engaged for more than a decade. The agenda has confronted two major problems: (1) How does the institutional environment in which actors are embedded constrain their behavior and (2) how do the structure and culture of organizations facilitate or hamper their innovativeness. The paper addresses the problem of how the structure and culture of research organizations influence the creation of fundamental new knowledge. More specifically, the paper is part of a research project which is concerned with the question of why research organizations varied in their capacity to make major breakthroughs in biomedical science in the twentieth century. The perspectives that have been useful in shaping this project have come from diverse sources - the literatures on national systems of innovation, on organizational innovation, on evolutionary economics, on organizational capabilities, and literatures in the history and sociology of science. The ideas in these literatures have been refined and extended through many dozen historical case studies of major discoveries, which my colleagues and I have conducted in approximately 200 research organizations in twentieth-century Britain, France, Germany, and the United States. The theoretical framework of the paper is used to analyze the structure and culture of the one research organization which had more major breakthroughs in biomedical science than any other in the twentieth century: the relatively small Rockefeller University in New York City. Hopefully, this case study will shed light on the kinds of organizational strategies, structure and culture which facilitate the creation of fundamental new knowledge in very hybrid fields of science." (excerpt)Der Autor berichtet von Teilergebnissen einer größeren historischen und internationalen Forschungsstudie, in deren Mittelpunkt insbesondere zwei Fragen stehen: Inwieweit ist das institutionelle Umfeld, in welches wissenschaftliche Akteure eingebettet sind, für ihr Verhalten zwingend? In welcher Weise erleichtern oder behindern die Struktur und Kultur von Organisationen ihre Innovationsfähigkeit und die Entstehung neuen Wissens? Der Autor beschäftigt sich im vorliegenden Arbeitspapier speziell mit der Frage, warum Forschungseinrichtungen ihre Fähigkeit veränderten, größere Durchbrüche in der Biomedizin im 20. Jahrhundert zu erreichen. Er untersucht dies anhand einer Fallstudie der relativ kleinen Rockefeller Universität in New York, die jedoch in der Biomedizin größere Durchbrüche erzielte als jede andere Universität. Im Anhang befindet sich ein umfangreiches Namensregister der einschlägigen Wissenschaftler. (ICI

The Stalwart Christian

The characteristics of a stalwart Christian are: 1)regenerated; 2) earnest; 3)lives among realities; 4)not easy to take offense; 5)intelligent; 6)willing worker; 7)tither; and 8)attendant.https://place.asburyseminary.edu/ecommonsatsdigitalresources/1206/thumbnail.jp

Molecular characterization of mesophilic and thermophilic sulfate reducing microbial communities in expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors

The microbial communities established in mesophilic and thermophilic expanded granular sludge bed reactors operated with sulfate as the electron acceptor were analyzed using 16S rRNA targeted molecular methods, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, cloning, and phylogenetic analysis. Bacterial and archaeal communities were examined over 450 days of operation treating ethanol (thermophilic reactor) or ethanol and later a simulated semiconductor manufacturing wastewater containing citrate, isopropanol, and polyethylene glycol 300 (mesophilic reactor), with and without the addition of copper(II). Analysis, of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed a defined shift in microbial diversity in both reactors following a change in substrate composition (mesophilic reactor) and in temperature of operation from 30 degrees C to 55 degrees C (thermophilic reactor). The addition of copper(II) to the influent of both reactors did not noticeably affect the composition of the bacterial or archaeal communities, which is in agreement with the very low soluble copper concentrations (3-310 microg l(-1)) present in the reactor contents as a consequence of extensive precipitation of copper with biogenic sulfides. Furthermore, clone library analysis confirmed the phylogenetic diversity of sulfate-reducing consortia in mesophilic and thermophilic sulfidogenic reactors operated with simple substrate