Ultrasound assisted citronella oil in water nanoemulsion and comparison with conventional methods

This study involved the acoustic cavitation aided process intensification of citronella oil-based nanoemulsion with varying process parameters. A citronella oil (10 wt. %) in water emulsion was prepared at optimized parameters such as sonication time of 20 min, surfactant concentration of 7.5 wt. % of the total emulsion with (Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) HLB value of 12 and power amplitude of 35% (of the total power of 750 W). The prepared emulsions stability was assessed over visual observation and kinetic stability of the emulsion after formulation with 7, 30 and 90 days’ time interval term as long-term stability reported as a fraction of phase separation in percentage (f (%)). The ultrasonically prepared emulsion was found to more stable with the mean droplet diameter (MDD) of 22-23 nm, whereas, conventionally prepared emulsion get separated and creamed within the day as well as formulation required more process time and energy dissipation

Transient Fcho1/2⋅Eps15/R⋅AP-2 Nanoclusters Prime the AP-2 Clathrin Adaptor for Cargo Binding.

Clathrin-coated vesicles form by rapid assembly of discrete coat constituents into a cargo-sorting lattice. How the sequential phases of coat construction are choreographed is unclear, but transient protein-protein interactions mediated by short interaction motifs are pivotal. We show that arrayed Asp-Pro-Phe (DPF) motifs within the early-arriving endocytic pioneers Eps15/R are differentially decoded by other endocytic pioneers Fcho1/2 and AP-2. The structure of an Eps15/R⋅Fcho1 μ-homology domain complex reveals a spacing-dependent DPF triad, bound in a mechanistically distinct way from the mode of single DPF binding to AP-2. Using cells lacking FCHO1/2 and with Eps15 sequestered from the plasma membrane, we establish that without these two endocytic pioneers, AP-2 assemblies are fleeting and endocytosis stalls. Thus, distinct DPF-based codes within the unstructured Eps15/R C terminus direct the assembly of temporary Fcho1/2⋅Eps15/R⋅AP-2 ternary complexes to facilitate conformational activation of AP-2 by the Fcho1/2 interdomain linker to promote AP-2 cargo engagement.Supported by NIH R01 GM106963 to L.M.T. and Wellcome Trust grants 090909/Z to D.J.O., 097040 to A.G.W., and 100140 to CIMR.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Cell Press / Elsevier via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2016.05.00

HIV and HPV infections and ocular surface squamous neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of ocular surface squamous neoplasias (OSSNs) has been increasing in populations with a high prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). We aimed to quantify the association between HIV/AIDS and HPV infection and OSSN, through systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: The articles providing data on the association between HIV/AIDS and/or HPV infection and OSSN were identified in MEDLINE, SCOPUS and EMBASE searched up to May 2013, and through backward citation tracking. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute summary relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Heterogeneity was quantified with the I(2) statistic. RESULTS: HIV/AIDS was strongly associated with an increased risk of OSSN (summary RR=8.06, 95% CI: 5.29-12.30, I(2)=56.0%, 12 studies). The summary RR estimate for the infection with mucosal HPV subtypes was 3.13 (95% CI: 1.72-5.71, I(2)=45.6%, 16 studies). Four studies addressed the association between both cutaneous and mucosal HPV subtypes and OSSN; the summary RR estimates were 3.52 (95% CI: 1.23-10.08, I(2)=21.8%) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.57-2.05, I(2)=0.0%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Human immunodeficiency virus infection increases the risk of OSSN by nearly eight-fold. Regarding HPV infection, only the cutaneous subtypes seem to be a risk factor

Six Stroke Engine

The increasing demands for low emissions and low fuel consumption in modern combustion engines requires improved methods for combustion process. The Beare Head is a new type of six-stroke engine head design known as the “Beare Head” after its designer, Malcolm Beare. The Beare Head uses a piston and ports very much like a two stroke engine to replace the overhead valve system that is found in four stroke engines today. The four-stroke block, piston and crankshaft remain unaltered. This combination of two stroke and four-stroke technology has given the technology its name the “six stroke engine”. Six Stroke engine, the name itself indicates a cycle of six strokes out of which two are useful power strokes. According to its mechanical design, the six-stroke engine with external and internal combustion and double flow is similar to the actual internal reciprocating combustion engine

A DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT APPROACH FOR OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ETODOLAC TERNARY SYSTEM USING SPRAY DRYING

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to prepare and characterize Etodolac (ETO), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPB) ternary system in order to study the effect of complexation on solubility of ETO.Methods: Physical mixtures of a drug and polymers in different weight ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) were prepared to study the effect of individual polymers on solubility of ETO. Spray drying method was used to investigate the combined effect of PVP K30 and HPB on saturation solubility (SS), Dissolution efficiency (DE) and mean dissolution time (MDT) of ETO. Design of experiment (DoE) was used for preparation and optimization of ternary system. Drug polymer interactions were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray diffraction (XRD) and particle size analysis.Results: Results of solubility study suggested that there was significant increase in solubility of ETO with increase in the concentration of PVP K30, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone K 90 (PVP K90) and HPB (*p<0.05). This might be due to the solubilizing effect of PVP K30, PVPK90 and complex formation of ETO with HPB. Various combinations of PVP K30 and HPB prepared using DoE approach by spray drying method showed greater solubility of ETO than its physical mixtures (*p<0.05). Results of FTIR, DSC, SEM, XRD and particle size analysis revealed the interaction between ETO, PVP K30 and HPB. This suggested formation of amorphous ternary system with mean particle diameter in the range of 763±1.35 nm.Conclusion: Combine use of PVP K30 and HPB with DoE approach was an effective tool for formulating ternary system of ETO

Optimization and characterization of antifungal metabolite from a soil actinomycete <em>Streptomyces indiaensis</em> SRT1

261-271A total of 77 soil actinomycete isolates were screened for antifungal activity by cross streak method and agar well diffusion assay. The potential producer strain AI-32 was identified as Streptomyces indiaensis SRT-1 based on its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antifungal metabolite from AI-32 was extracted with organic solvents and purified by column chromatography. Its structure was elucidated by UV, FTIR, NMR and LC-MS analysis and was found to contain an aromatic ring fused with a furan ring linked by ester linkages. The culture conditions for the production of antifungal metabolite were optimized by using various physical and chemical parameters. The optimization studies revealed soybean casein digest supplemented with 1% dextrose (SCDD) broth as the suitable production medium, pH as 8.5, temperature (30oC), salinity (2%), and incubation period as 8 days and glucose and soybean meal as suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values, Fusarium oxysporum (NCIM 1072) was found to be more sensitive test pathogen. The effect of antibiotic on spore germination and mycelial development of F. oxysporum was determined in terms of delayed spore germination, appearance of segmented mycelium and ruptured and distorted spores. This study is the first report highlighting the significance of S. indiaensis produced metabolite as a promising antifungal agent