Associations between biological maturity level, match locomotion, and physical capacities in youth male soccer players

Introduction: Biological maturity level has shown to affect sport performance in youths. However, most previous studies have used noninvasive methods to estimate maturity level. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the association between skeletal age (SA) as a measure of biological maturation level, match locomotion, and physical capacity in male youth soccer players. Method: Thirty-eight Norwegian players were followed during two consecutive seasons (U14 and U15). Match locomotion was assessed with GPS-tracking in matches. SA, assessed by x-ray, physical capacities (speed, strength and endurance) and anthropometrics were measured in the middle of each season. Analysis of associations between SA, match locomotion, and physical capacities were adjusted for the potential confounding effect of body height and weight. Results: In matches, positive associations were found between SA and maximal speed and running distance in the highest speed zones. Further, SA was associated with 40 m sprint time and countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and with intermittent-endurance capacity after adjusting for body height (U14). Associations between SA and leg strength and power, and between SA and absolute VO2max were not significant after adjusting for body weight. There was no association between SA and total distance covered in matches. Conclusion: Biological maturity level influence match locomotion and performance on physical capacity tests. It is important that players, parents and coaches are aware of the advantages more mature players have during puberty, and that less mature players also are given attention, appropriate training and match competition to ensure proper development.publishedVersio

Farm Machinery and Equipment: Government Controls During World War II

Excerpts from the report: To produce farm machinery requires the same kind of resources as to produce planes, ships, and tanks. With the overwhelming emphasis throughout World War II on sheer quantity of war equipment in order to keep the loss of lives to a minimum, and with farmers' requests for more machinery to produce larger quantities of food and fiber in the face of shortages of farm labor, it was to be expected that farm-machinery production would pose many problems requiring solution by governmental action. Because of the National Defense Program, manufacturers of farm machinery began to have difficulties in obtaining some materials as early as the spring of 1941. At that time production of farm machinery was being greatly expanded. To bring this problem to the attention of Government agencies in Washington, the Farm Equipment Institute, representing manufacturers, appointed a Priorities Committee. The Government agencies that were at that time charged with responsibility in farm-machinery problems were the Office of Agricultural Defense Relations in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply, and the Office of Production Management. Beginning with August 1941, the Office of Production Management granted manufacturers of farm machinery priority assistance for materials in quantities not exceeding 120 percent of the quantities used in corresponding months in the previous year. This program, called the Civilian Allocation Program, enabled the manufacturers to maintain substantially the expanded rate of production that had been begun in April 1941. The farm-machinery situation was generally satisfactory at the time the United States became actively engaged in war and it became necessary to issue drastic restrictions on the production of farm machinery

Wheat Growers' Machinery Costs, by Size of Farm in Central North Dakota

Excerpt from the report Summary: This report includes the results of a study of costs of owning and operating machinery on 3 sizes of spring wheat farms in central North Dakota in 1960. Most of the data were obtained by an enumerative survey of about 150 farms. Total costs are shown as costs per acre of use, including costs of implement, tractor, and driver. Total cost per acre for major tractor-drawn and self-propelled machinery averaged about 15 percent higher on farms in group I, those with 180 to 419 acres of cropland, than on farms in group III, those with 660 to 899 acres. Costs on farms in group II, those with 420 to 659 acres of cropland, averaged only slightly higher than on those in group III

Estimating cost of production on tobacco-cotton farms in the coastal plain of North Carolina /

Mode of access: Internet

Costs of Farm Machinery in Crop Production in Northwestern Ohio, by Size of Farm

One of the largest items of expense in crop production is the cost of owning and operating farm machinery. Undoubtedly, machinery cost varies widely from one farm to another. Cost per acre, per hour, and per unit of production also varies widely among farms. This variation is in part a result of differences in size of farms and consequently in the volume of production over which fixed costs can be spread. Also, part of the variation is due to the success with which individual farmers adapt their use of machinery to the particular needs of their farms. The purpose of the study reported here was to estimate the cost, including labor cost, of owning and operating tractors and the 13 major farm implements used on farms in northwestern Ohio, and to show how this cost was affected by the size of farms. The report presents estimates of cost per unit of use on three sizes of farms. This is one of a group of studies by the Economic Research Service on cost of production by size of farm in several major type-of-farming areas

Financial incentives and patient selection: Hospital physicians’ views on cream skimming and economic management focus in Norway

This paper uses survey data to analyse physician views on the risk of cream skimming under a system with activity based financing (ABF) for hospital services. We used data from two nation-wide physician surveys. A survey undertaken in 2006 captures views following a large NPM-inspired structural reform in 2002. In contrast, a survey undertaken in 2016 captures views after a period of a higher degree of institutional and financial stability. We find that the majority of physicians believed that the 2002 reform both provided incentives for and led to more cream skimming. In 2016, however there is less consensus among physicians about the extent of cream skimming. Looking at different types of physicians we find some indications that physicians in leading positions are less likely to view cream skimming as a problem. However, there is concern that hospital management in general puts too much emphasis on economic issues

Tobacco-livestock farming, bluegrass area of Kentucky : farm costs and returns, 1956 /

no.43-5