Load Frequency Control for Hydropower Plants using PID Controller

Many development republics began to get rid of conventional energy and towards to use renewable energy like hydropower system, solar cells and wind turbines as soon as possible. Load Frequency Control (LFC) problem is coming to be the main topics for mentioning schemes due to not corresponding between main power system inputs such as change load demand and change in speed turbine settings. This paper illustrates a selftuning control of hydropower system that suggested and confirmed under Automatic Generation Control (AGC) in power scheme. The suggested power system involves one single area. The suggested self-tuning control system is employed in performing the automatic generation control for load frequency control request and compared it with conventional control structure. The power system dynamic modeling has regularly built in several essential parameters which have a significant influence According to frequency limitation. The main problem with all controllers is an exaggerated reaction to minor errors, producing the system to oscillate. The output response results for hydropower system obviously proved the benefit of using maximum load demand by tuning PID controller. Whereas, tuning PID controller has got properly more rapid output response and minimal overshoot

Five Parameter PV Model Extraction and Improvement Based on Experimental Data

This paper presents a new approach of the single diode five parameters model extraction and performance evaluation. The proposed model is capable of analytically describing the I–V and P–V characteristics of a PV module in different conditions. The PV parameters identify, mainly, the accuracy of any PV model. The proposed model constructed in a method to be in a sounds level of accuracy and far from complication. In term of accuracy, different evaluation criteria have being used in this study, and results of all criteria showed merit level of accuracy comparison to those in the compared models. In addition, the performance of the five parameters has been improved and this improvement showed in the I–V and P–V characteristics. Effect of these five parameters on all of the maximum power point (MPP), short circuit current (Isc), and open circuit voltage (Voc) also showed in the results. The outcomes of this study could help in improving the total PV system performance and could be a guide for method of extraction the five parameters model, since it dependent mainly on real results

Reconfiguration Method Based on DC/DC Central Converter within Different Mismatch Conditions

Reconfigurable photovoltaic (PV) systems are of great interest with respect to system designers in order to improve the system’s efficiency and operation. This paper proposes an adaptive reconfiguration scheme to reduce the effect of shadows on solar panels. A method to capture the maximum power point of the photovoltaic (PV) array systemwith the help of DC/DC central converter system is presented. The method of connecting the solar adaptive string to the fixed part of the solar photovoltaic (PV) array proposed, which increases the power of the solar PV array according to a model-based algorithm. The model algorithms are implemented in real time. Ideal diode model parameters also proposed for each module in both fixed and adaptive part respectively. The analyses are obtained from the study of the voltage vs. power curve characteristics of the both parts. Finally, the proposed solution is ensuring that the adaptive string has the ability to capture the MPP

Optimizing wheat storage and transportation system using a mixed integer programming model and genetic algorithm: A case study

10.1109/IEEM.2009.5373152IEEM 2009 - IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management2109-211

Structural and optical properties of copper nitride thin films in a reactive Ar/N

Copper nitride films were prepared on glass and silicon substrates by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering at various N2-gas partial pressures at room temperature. The N2 partial pressure influenced the structural, electrical and optical properties of the deposited films. The X-ray diffraction measurement showed the phase change of the preferred orientation of Cu3N planes of samples from Cu-rich (111) planes to N-rich (100) planes. The surface resistivity of glass substrate Cu3N films was between 1675 and 58 200 Ω/cm2 and for silicon substrate films surface resistivity was between 13.2 and 2380 Ω/cm2. As is observed surface resistivity strongly affected by structures of the films. Deposition rate was influenced by the amount of argon gas since they are heavier than nitrogen atoms changes from 43 nm/min to 26 nm/min. Calculated band gap energy of the samples show a sharp enhancement from 1.4 eV to 1.95 eV by increasing nitrogen content in working gas

Structural and optical properties of silicon nitride film generated on Si substrate by low energy ion implantation

In this work the surface of (4 0 0) p-type Si wafers is bombarded with 29 keV nitrogen ions at various ion beam fluency varied from 1016 to 1018 ions/cm2 and the results are investigated. Si3N4 film with orthorhombic structure is formed on silicon surface with cubic structure while the lattice parameter of the generated layer is not affected by change of nitrogen ion beam dose. RMS roughness of implanted samples increases by increasing the nitrogen dose, specially when the dose is more than 3×1017 ions/cm2. Surface resistivity of samples is increased by increasing the dose of ion beam. Although changes in the transmission of implanted samples does not differ very much in comparison with row sample but reflection of implanted samples decrease about 60% for the electromagnetic wave in the range of 200 to 1500 nm. Absorption coefficient of samples is obtained and the band gap energy of samples is calculated. It is observed that formation of defect levels changes the magnitude of band gap energy

User-friendly Tool for Power Flow Analysis and Distributed Generation Optimisation in Radial Distribution Networks

The intent of power distribution companies (DISCOs) is to deliver electric power to their customers in an efficient and reliable manner – with minimal energy loss cost. One major way to minimise power loss on a given power system is to install distributed generation (DG) units on the distribution networks. However, to maximise benefits, it is highly crucial for a DISCO to ensure that these DG units are of optimal size and sited in the best locations on the network. This paper gives an overview of a software package developed in this study, called Power System Analysis and DG Optimisation Tool (PFADOT). The main purpose of the graphical user interface-based package is to guide a DISCO in finding the optimal size and location for DG placement in radial distribution networks. The package, which is also suitable for load flow analysis, employs the GUI feature of MATLAB. Three objective functions are formulated into a single optimisation problem and solved with fuzzy genetic algorithm to simultaneously obtain DG optimal size and location. The accuracy and reliability of the developed tool was validated using several radial test systems, and the results obtained are evaluated against the existing similar package cited in the literature, which are impressive and computationally efficient