An Analysis of the AFL-CIO’s Union Summer Program: The College Recruited Organizers’ Contributions to the Labor Movement

This honors research project is a qualitative analysis of the college-recruited organizers' contribution to union organizing. The starting point was Steve Early's essay "Membership-Based Organizing," in which he criticizes the use of college recruited union organizers as "mobile organizers." Early believes it is rank-and-file workers who should be trained as organizers, because he believes these types of organizers are the only ones who can truly revitalize the labor movement. Specifically, Early disparages the AFL-CIO’s Union Summer program and Organizing Institute, which recruits college students to be “mobile organizers” and wherever they are needed. Early finds three reasons why college-recruited organizers are less likely to succeed. They are inexperienced, they are outsiders, and they bring unwelcome leftist and liberal ideology to the movement. This causes me to ask a few questions. Does this mean college recruited union organizers less likely to successfully organize than rank-and-file organizers? Are college-recruited organizers less experienced in organizing than rank-and-file organizers? Are they less knowledgeable about labor than rank-and-file organizers? Are college students more liberal than rank-and-file organizers and if so do these leftist ideas get expressed when union organizing? If these ideas are expressed are they counterproductive? Do college recruited students alienate workers more than rank-and-file organizers? To answer these questions I needed to experience union organizing myself as a college student. I applied for the 2003 AFL-CIO's Union Summer and was accepted. I went to Queens, New York City to do field work with the 100% rank-and-file Retail Union. In my experience with the Retail Union I made observations contrary to Steve Early's

The Preparation And Characterization Of The Palladium(Ii) And Platinum(Ii) Chelates Of Three Cyclic Tertiary Amino Acids.

The purpose of this study was to prenare and characterize the palladium (II) and platinum (II) chelates of 1-pyrrolidineacetic acid, 1-piperidineacetic acid, and hexahydro-1-azepineacetic acid. The ligands were prepared by reacting the cyclic secondary arnines (pyrrolidine, piperidine, and hexahydroazepine) with sodium chloroacetate. The resulting cyclic tertiary amino acids were saponified and, finally, converted to the hydrochloride salts by neutralization with hydrochloric acid. The chelates were prepared by adding 1.0 millimole of K2PdC14 or K2PtC14 to a solution made by dissolving 2.0 Millimoles of amino acid hydrochloride in 25 ml. of water. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 and the solution was steam heated for an hour. That volume was reduced to 25 ml. by evaporation. Crystals began to form in one to three days and crystallization was complete in seven days. The products were not recrystallized since no appropriate solvents could be found. The six coordination compounds prepared are unreported in the literature. Elemental analyses, UV-visible spectra, and IR spectra were utilized to elucidate the structure of the coordination compounds. \u27l\u27he amino acids form chelates between the carboxyl and amine groups with the form: M(amino acid)2 . The three amino acids are believed to form square planar complexes with palladium and platinum. It is proposed that the six new compounds are: cis bis 1-pyrrolidineacetato palladium (II), cis bis 1-pyrrolidineacetato platinum (II), cis bis 1-piperidineacetato palladium (II) , cis bis 1-pioeridineacetato platinum (II), trans bis hexahydro-1-azepineacetato palladium (II) , trans bis hexahydro-1-azepineacetato platinum (II). The ionization constants of the three amino acids were determined using the poteniometric method of Albert and Sergeant. The ionization constants of 1-pyrrolidineacetic acid and hexahydro-1-azepineacetic acid are unreported in the literature. The stability constants of all six of the coordination compounds were determined using the method of Albert and Serqeant. This method involved the potentimletric titration of a solution 0.005 molar in K2PdCl4 or K2PtCl4 and 0.01 molar in amino acid hydrochloride with o.1N ootassium hydroxide at 25°C. The stability constants of the chelates differ only slightly with the ring structure of the amino acids under investigation. The stability constants of the palladium chelates are about 102 greater than the corresponding platinum chelate

Analysis of Environmental, Legal, Socioeconomic and Policy Issues Critical to the Development of Commercial Oil Shale Leasing on the Public Lands in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming under the Mandates of the Energy Policy Act of 2005

This report seeks to identify and evaluate the critical legal and economic policy issues in order to inform federal, state, tribal, and other decision makers, as well as affected citizens, of the likely challenges and tradeoffs inherent in implementing a commercial oilshale leasing program on the public lands. Where possible, this report also presents potential approaches to managing these challenges and tradeoffs. This report focuses on the most geologically prospective oil shale area, which is comprised of those oil shale deposits in the Green River Formation capable of yielding at least 25 GPT that are 25 feet (or greater) in thickness,35 and is thought to represent the most attractive development target for commercial leasing and development of oil shale on the public lands

Pressure Dependence of Insulator-Insulator Contact Charging

The mechanism of insulator-insulator triboelectric (contact) charging is being studied by the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory at KSC. The hypothesis that surface ion exchange is the primary mechanism is being tested experimentally. A two-phase model based on a small partial pressure of singly charged ions in an ambient ideal gas in equilibrium with a submonolayer adsorbed film will provide predictions about charging as a function Of ion mass, pressure, temperature, and surface adsorption energy. Interactions between ions will be considered in terms of coulombic and screened potential energies. This work is yielding better understanding of the triboelectrification of insulators, which is an important problem in. space exploration technology. The work is also relevant to important industrial processes such as xerography and the application of paints and coatings. Determining a better understanding of the fundamental mechanism of insulator-insulator triboelectrification will hopefully lead to better means of eliminating or at least mitigating its hazards and enhancing its useful applications

Electrostatic Evaluation of the ARES I FTS Antenna Materials

Surface resistivity and volume resistivity data show all the tested non-metallic materials of the Ares I FTS antenna assembly to be insulative. The external materials (White foam, phenolic) should be able to develop a large surface charge density upon tribocharging with ice crystal impingement. Dielectric breakdown tests on the FTS antenna housing materials show that each of the insulative materials are very resistive to electrical breakdown. The thicknesses of these materials in a nominal housing should protect the antenna from direct breakdown from external triboelectric charging potentials. Per data from the Air Force study, a maximum external electric potential in the range of 100kV can be developed on surfaces tribocharged by ice crystal impingement. Testing showed that under operational pressure ranges, this level of exterior voltage can result in a potential of about 6 kV induced on the electrically floating interior antenna vanes. Testing the vanes up to this voltage level showed that electrostatic discharges can occur between the electrically floating vanes and the center, grounded screw heads. Repeated tests with multiple invisible and visible discharges caused only superficial physical damage to the vanes. Fourier analysis of the discharge signals showed that the frequency range of credible discharges would not interfere with the nominal operation of the FTS antenna. However, due to the limited scope, short timetable, and limited funding of this study, a direct measurement of the triboelectric charge that could be generated on the Ares I antenna housing when the rocket traverses an ice cloud at supersonic speeds was not performed. Instead, data for the limited Air Force study [3] was used as input for our experiments. The Air Force data used was not collected with a sensor located to provide us with the best approximation at the geometry of the Ares I rocket, namely that of the windshield electrometer, because brush discharges to the metal frame of the windshield periodically depleted any charge accumulated. The configuration of the Ares I antenna assembly does not include any exposed metals in the vicinity and the windshield data could not be used. Since the windshield sensor data was unusable, we decided that the Patch 2 location would provide us with a rough approximation to the Ares I antenna configuration and would give us an indication of the possible charging levels that would develop. This was the data that we used in this study. Whether these charging levels would be of the same order of magnitude as the actual charges developed by the Ares I traversing a cloud with ice particles is at this point unknown. An actual experimental test, requiring the acquisition of additional instrumentation, is strongly advised before a final recommendation can be formulated regarding the safe levels of electrostatic charging on the antenna housing. Thus the results of this study should be considered to be preliminary

Insulator-insulator Contact Charging As A Function Of Pressure

Metal - metal and to an extent metal - insulator contact or triboelectric charging are well known phenomena with good theoretical understanding of the charge exchange mechanism. However, insulator insulator charging is not as well understood. Theoretical and experimental research has been performed that shows that the surface charge on an insulator after triboelectric charging with another insulator is rapidly dissipated with lowered atmospheric pressure. This pressure discharge is consistent with surface ions being evaporated off the surface once their vapor pressure falls below the saturation vapor pressure. A two-phase equilibrium model based on an ideal gas of singly charged ions in equilibrium with a submonolayer adsorbed film was developed to describe the pressure dependence of the surface charge on an insulator. The resulting charge density equation is an electrostatic version of the Langmuir isotherm for adsorbed surface particles, which describes well the experimental observations

Electrostatic Evaluation of the Propellant Handlers Ensemble

The Self-Contained Atmospheric Protective Ensemble (SCAPE) used in propellant handling at NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has recently completed a series of tests to determine its electrostatic properties of the coverall fabric used in the Propellant Handlers Ensemble (PHE). Understanding these electrostatic properties are fundamental to ensuring safe operations when working with flammable rocket propellants such as hydrazine, methyl hydrazine, and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine. These tests include surface resistivity, charge decay, triboelectric charging, and flame incendivity. In this presentation, we will discuss the results of these tests on the current PHE as well as new fabrics and materials being evaluated for the next generation of PHE

Electrodynamic Dust Shield for Lunar/ISS Experiment Project

The Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center is developing a dust mitigation experiment and testing it on the lunar surface and on the International Space Station (ISS). The Electrodynamic Dust Shield (EDS) clears dust off surfaces and prevents accumulation by using a pattern of electrodes to generate a non-uniform electric field over the surface being protected. The EDS experiment will repel dust off materials such as painted Kapton and glass to demonstrate applications for thermal radiators, camera lenses, solar panels, and other hardware and equipment

Insulator - Insulator Contact Charging as a Function of Pressure

Metal - metal and metal - insulator contact or triboelectric charging are well known phenomena with good theoretical understanding of the charge exchange mechanism. However, insulator - insulator charging is not as well understood. Theoretical and experimental research has been performed that shows that the surface charge on an insulator after triboelectric charging with another insulator is rapidly dissipated with lowered atmospheric pressure. This pressure discharge is consistent with surface ions being evaporated off the surface once their vapor pressure is attained. A two-phase equilibrium model based on an ideal gas of singly charged ions in equilibrium with a submonolayer adsorbed film was developed to describe the pressure dependence of the surface charge on an insulator. The resulting charge density equation is an electrostatic version of the Langmuir isotherm