Evaluation Of Biochemical And Serological Methods To Identify And Clustering Yeast Cells Of Oral Candida Species By Chromagar Test, Sds-page And Elisa.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate biochemical and serological methods to characterize and identify Candida species from the oral cavity. The strains used were five Candida species previously identified: C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and Kluyveromyces marxianus, as a negative control. The analyses were conducted through the SDS-PAGE associated with statistical analysis using software, chromogenic medium, and CHROMagar Candida (CA), as a differential medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of clinically important yeasts and an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), using antisera produced against antigens from two C. albicans strains. This method enabled the screening of the three Candida species: C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei, with 100% of specificity. The ELISA using purified immunoglobulin G showed a high level of cross-reaction against protein extracts of Candida species. The SDS-PAGE method allowed the clustering of species-specific isolates using the Simple Matching coefficient, S(SM) = 1.0. The protein profile analysis by SDS-PAGE increases what is known about the taxonomic relationships among oral yeasts. This methodology showed good reproducibility and allows collection of useful information for numerical analysis on information relevant to clinical application, and epidemiological and systematical studies.64231732

Genetic Polymorphism Of Streptococcus Mutans Strains Associated With Incomplete Caries Removal

Aim: Despite the antibacterial properties of dental materials, the survival of residual bacteria under restorations has been demonstrated after incomplete caries removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from deep dentinal lesions before and three months after incomplete caries removal. Methods: Samples of carious dentin were collected from 33 primary and/or permanent molars before and after indirect pulp treatment and processed for microbiological isolation of mutans streptococci (MS). After three months of the dental treatment, positive cultures for MS were detected in only ten of these teeth. DNA of MS isolates were obtained and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identification of S mutans. The arbitrary primed-PCR method (primer OPA-13) was used to detect the genetic polymorphism of S. mutans strains. Results: Identical or highly related S. mutans genotypes were observed in each tooth, regardless of the collect. Considering each tooth separately, a maximum of nine genotypic patterns were found in each tooth from all the collects. In addition, at least one genotypic pattern was repeated in the three collects. Genetic diversity was observed among the S. mutans isolates, obtained from different teeth after three months of the dental treatment. Conclusions: The persistence of identical genotypic patterns and the genetic similarity among the isolates, from the same tooth in distinct collects, showed the resistance of some S. mutans strains after incomplete caries removal treatment.8128Bowden, G.H.W., Hamilton, I.R., Survival of oral bacteria (1998) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 9, pp. 54-85Cvitkovitch, D.G., Genetic competence and transformation in oral streptococci (2001) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 12, pp. 217-243Fejerskov, O., Concepts of dental caries and their consequences for understanding the disease (1997) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 25, pp. 5-12Coykendall, A.L., Classification and identification of the viridans streptococci (1989) Clin Microbiol Rev, 2, pp. 315-328Loesche, W.J., Role of Streptococcus mutans in dental decay (1986) Microbiol Rev, 50, pp. 353-380Quivey, R.G., Kuhnert, W.L., Hahn, K., Genetics of acid adaptation in oral streptococci (2001) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 12, pp. 301-314Homer, K.A., Patel, R., Beighton, D., Effects of N-acetylglucosamine on carbohydrate fermentation by Streptococcus mutans NT 10449 and Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1 (1993) Infect Immun, 61, pp. 295-302Abranches, J., Chen, Y.Y., Burne, R.A., Galactose metabolism by Streptococcus mutans (2004) Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, pp. 6047-6052Arthur, R.A., Tabchoury, C.P., Mattos-Graner, R.O., Del Bel Cury, A.A., Paes Leme, A.F., Vale, G.C., Genotypic diversity of S. mutans in dental biofilm formed in situ under sugar stress exposure (2007) Braz Dent J, 18, pp. 185-191Saarela, M., Hannula, J., Mättö, J., Asikainen, S., Alaluusua, S., Typing of mutans streptococci by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (1996) Arch Oral Biol, 41, pp. 821-826Redmo Emanuelsson, I., Wang, X.M., Demonstration of identical strains of mutans streptococci within Chinese families by genotyping (1998) Eur J Oral Sci, 106, pp. 788-794Grönroos, L., Alaluusua, S., Site-specific oral colonization of mutans streptococci detected by arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprinting (2000) Caries Res, 34, pp. 474-480Spolidorio, D.M.P., Höfling, J.F., Pizzolitto, A.C., Rosa, E.A., Negrini, T.C., Spolidorio, L.C., Genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus mutans in Brazilian family members (2003) Braz J Microbiol, 34, pp. 213-217Napimoga, M.H., Kamiya, R.U., Rosa, R.T., Rosa, E.A., Höfling, J.F., Mattos-Graner, R.O., Genotypic diversity and virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans in caries-free and caries-active individuals (2004) J Med Microbiol, 53, pp. 697-703Paddick, J.S., Brailsford, S.R., Kidd, E.A., Beighton, D., Phenotypic and genotypic selection of microbiota surviving under dental restorations (2005) Appl Environ Microbiol, 71, pp. 2467-2472Truong, T.L., Ménard, C., Mouton, C., Trahan, L., Identification of mutans and other oral streptococci by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (2000) J Med Microbiol, 49, pp. 63-71Alaluusua, S., Mättö, J., Grönroos, L., Innilä, S., Torkko, H., Asikainen, S., Oral colonization by more than one clonal type of mutans streptococcus in children with nursing-bottle dental caries (1996) Arch Oral Biol, 41, pp. 167-173Nascimento, M.M., Höfling, J.F., Gonçalves, R.B., Streptococcus mutans genotypes isolated from root and coronal caries (2004) Caries Res, 38, pp. 454-463Bjorndal, L., Larsen, T., Thylstrup, A., A clinical and microbiological study of deep carious lesions during stepwise excavation using long treatment intervals (1997) Caries Res, 31, pp. 411-417Kreulen, C.M., de Soet, J.J., Weerheijm, K.L., van Amerongen, W.E., In vivo cariostatic effect of resin modified glass ionomer and amalgam on dentine (1997) Caries Res, 31, pp. 384-389Weerheijm, K.L., Kreulen, C.M., de Soet, J.J., Groen, H.J., van Amerongen, W.E., Bacterial counts in carious dentine under restorations: 2-years in vivo effects (1999) Caries Res, 33, pp. 130-134Davey, A.L., Rogers, A.H., Multiple types of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans in the human mouth and their intra-family transmission (1984) Arch Oral Biol, 29, pp. 453-460Nociti F.H., Jr., Cesco de Toledo, R., Machado, M.A., Stefani, C.M., Line, S.R., Gonçalves, R.B., Clinical and microbiological evaluation of ligature-induced peri-implantitis and periodontitis in dogs (2001) Clin Oral Implants Res, 12, pp. 295-300Oho, T., Yamashita, Y., Shimazaki, Y., Kushiyama, M., Koga, T., Simple and rapid detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in human saliva by polymerase chain reaction (2000) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 15, pp. 258-262Castillo, A., Rubiano, S., Gutiérrez, J., Hermoso, A., Liébana, J., Post-pH effect in oral streptococci (2000) Clin Microbiol Infect, 6, pp. 142-146Duque, C., Negrini, T.deC., Hebling, J., Spolidorio, D.M., Inhibitory activity of glass-ionomer cements on cariogenic bacteria (2005) Oper Dent., 30, pp. 636-640Robinson, W.G., Old, L.A., Shah, D.S.H., Russell, R.R., Chromosomal insertions and deletions in Streptococcus mutans (2003) Caries Res, 37, pp. 148-156Hohwy, J., Reinholdt, J., Kilian, M., Population dynamics of Streptococcus mitis in its natural habitat (2001) Infect Immun, 69, pp. 6055-6063Dowson, C.G., Barcus, V., King, S., Pickerill, P., Whatmore, A., Yeo, M., Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of resistance and virulence determinants in Streptococcus (1997) Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser, 26, pp. 42S-51SPerry, D., Wondrack, L.M., Kuramitsu, H.K., Genetic transformation of putative cariogenic properties in Streptococcus mutans (1983) Infect Immun, 41, pp. 722-727Chansley, P.E., Kral, T.A., Transformation of fluoride resistance genes in Streptococcus mutans (1989) Infect Immun, 57, pp. 1968-1970Murchison, H.H., Barrett, J.F., Cardineau, G.A., Curtiss, R., Transformation of Streptococcus mutans with chromosomal and shuttle plasmid (pYA629) DNAs (1986) Infect Immun, 54, pp. 273-282Kuramitsu, H.K., Trapa, V., Genetic exchange between oral streptococci during mixed growth (1984) J Gen Microbiol, 130, pp. 2497-2500Li, Y.H., Lau, P.C., Lee, J.H., Ellen, R.P., Cvitkovitch, D.G., Natural genetic transformation of Streptococcus mutans growing in biofilms (2001) J Bacteriol, 183, pp. 897-908Klein, M.I., Flório, F.M., Pereira, A.C., Höfling, J.F., Gonçalves, R.B., Longitudinal study of transmission, diversity and stability of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus genotypes in Brazilian nursery children (2004) J Clin Microbiol, 42, pp. 4620-4626Lindquist, B., Emilson, C.G., Colonization of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus genotypes and caries development in children to mothers harboring both species (2004) Caries Res, 38, pp. 95-103Mattos-Graner, R.O., Li, Y., Caufield, P.W., Duncan, M., Smith, D.J., Genotypic diversity of mutans streptococci in Brazilian nursery children suggests horizontal transmission (2001) J Clin Microbiol, 39, pp. 2313-231

Main Techniques Employed In The Molecular Epidemiology Of Candida Species

[No abstract available]8152

Antimicrobial Action Evaluation Of Two Hospital Disinfectants [avaliacao Da Acao Antimicrobiana De Dois Desinfetantes Hospitalares]

[No abstract available]20440241

Electrophoresis And Immunoelectrophoresis In Mice Bearing Ehrlich's Ascites Tumor

Purpose: Evaluation of the serological changes in mice bearing the Ehrlich ascites tumor (lines 1-G and 2-S). Material and methods: The serum changes in Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice were electrophoretically assessed. Results: The serum from mice inoculated with Ehrlich tumor cells showed decreased albumin concentration, and increased alpha-2- and beta-globulin concentrations. With tumor development an increase of IgG and a decrease of complement were observed. Conclusions: The serum from Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice shows alterations in the concentrations of albumin, alpha-2- and beta- globulins, immunoglobulins, and complement.211576

Antifungal Activity Of The Ethanolic Extracts Of Punica Granatum L. And Evaluation Of The Morphological And Structural Modifications Of Its Compounds Upon The Cells Of Candida Spp

Ethanolic crude extracts prepared from the arils and seeds, pericarp, peels and from the whole fruit of Punica granatum, known as pomegranate, had their antifungal activity tested against Candida spp. The ethanolic crude extracts were analyzed by Mass Spectrometry and yielded many compounds such as punicalagin and galladydilacton. The extracts from the pericarp and peel showed activity against Candida spp., with MICs of 125 μg/mL. The effect of pericarp and peel extracts upon the morphological and structure of C. albicans and C. krusei were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, with the visualization of an irregular membrane and hyphae, formation of vacuoles and thickening of the cell wall. The data obtained revealed potential antimicrobial activity against yeasts cells of the Candida genus, and the bioactive compounds could be responsible for changes in cell morphology and structure. The data obtained open new perspectives for future research in continuation to this study, where information such as determination of the site of action of the compounds could contribute to an alternative therapy against these organisms. © 2013, Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.443839848Adhami, V.M., Mukhtar, H., Polyphenols from green tea and pomegranate for prevention of prostate cancer (2006) Free Radical Res, 40, pp. 1095-1104Al-Zoreky, N.S., Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) fruit peels (2009) Int J Food Microbiol, 134, pp. 244-248Anibal, P.C., (2010) Estudo Da Composição Química E Ação Inibitória Dos Extratos Obtidos De Punica Granatum L. (romã) Sobre Candida Spp. Piracicaba, Brasil, p. 112. , (D.Sc. Thesis. Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba. UNICAMP)Aviram, M., Rosenblat, M., Gaitini, D., Nitecki, S., Hoffman, A., Dornfeld, L., Volkova, N., Hayek, T., Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation (2004) Clinical Nutrition, 23, pp. 423-433Aviram, M., Volkova, N., Coleman, R., Dreher, M., Reddy, M.K., Ferreira, D., Rosenblat, M., Pomegranate phenolics from the peels, arils, and flowers are antiatherogenic: Studies in vivo in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and in vitro in cultured macrophages and lipoproteins (2008) J Agric Food Chem, 56, pp. 1148-1157Bell, C., Hawthorne, S., Ellagic acid, pomegranate and prostate cancer-a mini review (2008) J Pharm Pharmacol, 60, pp. 139-144Calderone, R.A., Fonzi, W.A., Virulence factors of Candida albicans (2001) Trends Microbiol, 9, pp. 327-335Catão, R.M.R., Antunes, R.M.O., Arruda, T.A., Pereira, M.S.V., Higino, J.S., Alves, J.A., Passos, M.G.V.M., Santos, V.L., Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato etanólico de Punica granatum Linn (2006) Rev Bras Anal Clin, 38, pp. 111-114. , (romã) sobre isolados ambulatoriais de Staphylococcus aureus(2002) Método De Referência Para Testes De Diluição Em Caldo Para Determinação Da Sensibilidade a Terapia Antifúngica Das Leveduras, , CLSI, Norma Aprovada. Segunda Edição. Norma M27-A2. Wayne, PaDudonné, S., Vitrac, X., Coutière, P., Woillez, M., Mérillon, J.M., Comparative study of antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of 30 plant extracts of industrial interest using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC Assays (2009) J Agric Food Chemistry, 57, pp. 1768-1774Duman, A.D., Ozgen, M., Dayisoylu, K.S., Erbil, N., Durgac, C., Antimicrobial activity of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties and their relation to some of their pomological and phytonutrient characteristics (2009) Molecules, 14, pp. 1808-1817Duraipandiyan, V., Ayyanar, M., Ignacimuthu, S., Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedical plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India (2006) BMC Complet Altern Med, 6, pp. 1-7Endo, E.H., Cortez, D.A.G., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Nakamura, C.V., Dias, F.B.P., Potent antifungal activity of extracts and pure compound isolated from pomegranate peels and synergism with fluconazole against Candida albicans (2010) Res Microbiol, 161, pp. 534-540Fetrow, C.W., Avila, J.R., (2000) Manual de Medicina Alternativa para o Profissional, pp. 590-592. , Guanabara Koogan Rio De JaneiroGil, M.I., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Hess-Pierce, B., Holcroft, D.M., Kader, A.A., Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing (2000) J Agric Food Chem, 48, pp. 4581-4589Gracious, R.R., Selvasubramanian, S., Jayasunder, S., Immunomodulatory actvity of Punica granatum in rabbits - A preliminary study (2001) J Ethnopharmacol, 78, pp. 85-87Gudlaugsson, O., Gillespie, S., Lee, K., Vande, B.J., Hu, J., Messer, S., Herwaldt, L., Diekema, D., Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited (2003) Clin Infect Dis, 37, pp. 1172-1177Haslam, E., Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs: Possible modes of action (1996) J Nat Prod, 59, pp. 205-215Höfling, J.F., Anibal, P.C., Obando-Pereda, G.A., Peixoto, I.A.T., Furletti, V.F., Foglio, M.A., Gonçalves, R.B., Antimicrobial potential of some plant extracts against Candida species (2010) Braz J Biol, 70, pp. 1065-1068Ishida, K., Mello, J.C.P., Cortez, D.A.G., Filho, B.P.D., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Nakamura, C.V., Influence of tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens on growth and virulence factors of Candida albicans (2006) J. Antimicrob. Chemother, 58, pp. 942-949Kakiuchi, N., Hattori, M., Nishizawa, M., Studies on dental caries prevention by traditional medicines. Inhibitory effect of various tannins on glucan synthesis by glycosiltransferase from Streptococcus mutans (1986) Chem Pharm Bull, 34, pp. 720-725Kim, N.D., Mehta, R., Yu, W., Neeman, I., Livney, T., Amichay, A., Poirier, D., Lansky, E., Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) form human breast cancer (2002) Breast Cancer Res Treat, 71, pp. 203-217Kitchen, D.B., Decomez, H., Furr, J.R., Bajorath, J., Docking and scoring in virtual screening for drug discovery: Methods and applications (2004) Nat Rev Drug Discov, 3, pp. 935-949Lansky, E.P., Newman, R.A., Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer (2007) J Ethnopharmacol, 109, pp. 177-206Malik, A., Afaq, F., Sarfaraz, S., Adhami, V.M., Syed, D.N., Mukhtar, H., Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, pp. 14813-14818Malik, A., Mukhtar, H., Prostate cancer prevention through pomegranate fruit (2006) Cell Cycle, 5, pp. 371-373Navarro, V., Villarreal, M.L., Rojas, G., Lozoya, X., Antimicrobial evaluation of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases (1996) J Ethnopharmacol, 53, pp. 143-147Pereira, J.V., Pereira, M.S.V., Sampaio, F.C., Sampaio, M.C.C., Alves, P.M., Araújo, C.R.F., Higino, J.S., In vitro antibacterial and antiadherence effect of Punica granatum Linn extracts upon dental biofilm microorganisms (2006) Braz J Pharmacogn, 16, pp. 88-93Pfaller, M.A., Diekema, D.J., Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: A persistent public health problem (2007) Clin Microbiol Rev, 20, pp. 133-163Pfaller, M.A., Messer, S.A., Boyken, L., Hollis, R.J., Rice, C., Tendolkar, S., Hollis, R.J., Diekema, D.J., In vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole, and fluconazole against 4,169 clinical isolates of Candida spp. and C. neoformans collected during 2001-2002 in the ARTEMIS global antifungal surveillance program (2004) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 48, pp. 201-205Phongpaichit, S., Subhadhirasakul, S., Wattanapiromsakul, C., Antifungal activities of extracts from Thai medicinal plants against opportunistic fungal pathogens associated with AIDS patients (2005) Mycoses, 48, pp. 333-338Reddy, M.K., Gupta, S.K., Jacob, M.R., Khan, S.I., Ferreira, D., Antioxidant, antimalarial and antimicrobial activities of tannin-rich fractions, ellagitannins and phenolic acids from Punica granatum L (2007) Planta Med, 73, pp. 461-467Scalbert, A., Antimicrobial proprieties of tannins (1991) Phytochemistry, 30, pp. 3875-3883Vasconcelos, L.C., Sampaio, M.C., Sampaio, F.C., Higino, J.S., Use of Punica granatum Linn as an antifungal agent against candidosis associated with denture stomatitis (2003) Mycoses, 46, pp. 192-196Vasconcelos, L.C.S., Sampaio, F.C., Sampaio, M.C.C., Pereira, M.S.V., Higino, J.S., Peixoto, M.H.P., Minimum inhibitory concentration of adherence of Punica granatum Linn (pomegranate) gel against S. mutans, S. Mitis and C. Albicans (2006) Braz Dent J, 17, pp. 223-227Voravuthikunchai, S., Lortheeranuwat, A., Jeeju, W., Sririrak, T., Phongpaichit, S., Supawita, T., Effective medicinal plants against enterohaemorrhagica Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2004) J Ethnopharmacol, 94, pp. 49-5

Evaluation Of Antifungal Activity Of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Oral Candida Albicans And Proteinases

Proteinases produced by Candida albicans are one kind of virulence factor expressed that contribute to adherence and invasion of host tissue. Proteinase inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus in experimental candidiasis suggested reduction in fungal infection, and medicinal plants could be a source of alternative agent to prevent diseases. In this study, we investigated the production of proteinases by C. albicans from clinical isolates and the action of plant extracts against strains of C. albicans and its synthesized proteinases, comparing with antifungal fluconazole and amphotericin B and proteinase inhibitors pepstatin A, amprenavir, and ritonavir. The results reported here showed that these extracts have a certain kind of action and that the search for new antifungal agents could be found at the plants. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.1722117124Alcerito, T., Barbo, F.E., Negri, G., Santos, D.Y.A.C., Meda, C.I., Young, M.C.M., Chávez, D., Blatt, C.T.T., Folicular epicuticular wax of Arrabidaea brachypoda: flavonoids and antifungal activity (2002) Biochem Syst Ecol, 30, pp. 677-683Almeida-Alves, T.M., Ribeiro, F.L., Kloss, H., Zani, C.L., Polygodial, the fungitoxic component from the Brazilian medicinal plant Polygonum punctatum (2001) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 96 (6), pp. 831-833Arantes, A., Carvalho-Eda, S., Medeiros, E.A., Farhat, C.K., Mantese, O.C., Pedriatic risk of mortality and hospital infection (2004) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 25 (9), pp. 783-785Beansejour, A., Grenier, D., Goulet, J.P., Deslaurirs, N., Proteolitic activation of the interleukin 1β precursor by Candida albicans (1998) Infect Immun, 66, pp. 676-681Bektić, J., Lell, C.P., Fuchs, A., Stoiber, H., Speth, C., Lass-Flörl, C., Zepelin, M.B., Würzner, R., HIV protease inhibitors attenuate adherence of Candida albicans to epithelial cells in vitro (2001) FEMS Immnuol Med Microbiol, 31 (1), pp. 65-71Borg, M., Ruchel, R., Expression of extracellular acid proteinase by proteolitic Candida spp during experimental infection of oral mucosa (1998) Infect Immun, 56 (3), pp. 626-631Cassone, A., de Bernardis, F., Torosantucci, A., Tacconelli, E., Tumbarello, M., Cauda, R., In vitro and in vivo anticandidal activity of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors (1999) J Infect Dis, 180, pp. 448-453Chandrasekaran, M., Venkatesalu, V., Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Syzygium jambolonum seeds (2004) J Ethopharmacol, 91, pp. 105-108Cordeiro, C.H.G., Sacramento, L.V.S., Corrêa, M.A., Pizzolitto, A.C., Bauab, T.M., Análise farmacognóstica e atividade antibacteriana de extratos vegetais empregados em formulação para a higiene bucal (2006) Rev Bras Ciências Farmacêuticas, 42 (3), pp. 395-404Correa, A.F., Andrade, L.R., Soares, M.J., Elemental composition of acidocalcisomes of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream trypomastigote forms (2002) Parasitol Res, 88 (10), pp. 875-880Costa, C.R., Lemos, J.A., Passos, X.S., Araújo, C.R., Cohen, A.J., Souza, L.K.H., Silva, M.R.R., Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of oral Candida isolates from HIV-infected patients in the antiretroviral therapy era (2006) Mycopathologia, 162, pp. 45-50de Bernardis, F., Arancia, S., Morelli, L., Evidence that members of the secretory aspartyl proteinases gene family (SAP), in particular SAP2, are virulence factors for Candida vaginitis (1999) J Infect Dis, 179, pp. 201-208de Bernardis, F., Aspartyl proteinases of Candida albicans and their role in pathogenicity (2001) Med Mycol, 39, pp. 303-313Djilas, S.M., Markov, S.L., Cetkovic, D.D., Canadanovic-Brunet, J.M., Cetkovic, G.S., Tumbas, V.T., Antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of Teucrium montanum (2006) Fitoterapia, 13 (2), pp. 114-119Duarte, M.C., Figueira, G.M., Sartoratto, A., Rehder, V.L., Delarmelina, C., Anti-Candida activity of Brazilian medicinal plants (2005) J Ethnopharmacol, 97 (2), pp. 305-311Ferro, D., (2006) Fitoterapia: Conceitos clínicos, , São Paulo: AteneuGershon, H., Fungitoxicity of 1, 4-naphtoquinones to Candida albicans (1975) Can J Microbiol, 21, pp. 1317-1321Ghannoum, M.A., Abbu-Elteen, K.H., Pathogenicity determinants of Candida (1990) Mycoses, 33 (6), pp. 265-282Gulluce, M., Sokmen, M., Daferera, D., Agar, G., Ozkan, H., Kartal, N., In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of herbal parts and callus culture of Satureja hortensis L (2003) J Agric Food Chem, 51 (14), pp. 3958-3965Härmäla, P., Vuorela, H., Hiltunen, R., Nyiredy, S.Z., Sticher, O., Törnquist, K., Strategy for the isolation and identification of coumarins with calcium antagonistic properties from the roots of Angelica archangelica (1992) Phytochem Anal, 3, p. 42Hoegl, L., Korting, H.C., Klebe, G., Inhibitors of asrpartic proteases in human diseases: molecular modeling comes of age (1999) Pharmazie, 54 (5), pp. 319-329Hube, B., Naglik, J., Candida albicans proteinases: resolving the mystery of a gene family (2001) Microbiology, 147 (8), pp. 1997-2005Hussein, S.A.M., Barakat, H.H., Merfort, I., Nawwar, M.A.M., Tannins from the leaves of Punica granatum (1997) Phytochemistry, 45, pp. 819-823Iscan, G., Kirimer, N., Kürkcüoglu, M., Baser, K.H.C., Demirci, F., Antimicrobial screening of Mentha piperita essencial oils (2002) J Agric Food Chem, 50, pp. 3943-3946Kariott, A., Vrahimi-Hadjilouca, T., Droushiotis, D., Rancic, A., Hadjipavlou-Litina, D., Skaltsa, H., Analysis of the essential oil of Origanum dubium growing Wild in Cyprus (2006) Investigation of its antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity, 72 (14), pp. 1330-4. , Planta MedKorting, H.C., Schaller, M., Eder, G., Hamm, G., Bohmer, U., Hube, B., Effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase inhibitors saquinavir and indinavir on in vitro activities of secreted aspartyl proteinases of Candida albicans isolates from HIV-infected patients (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43 (8), pp. 2038-2042Mardegan, R.C., Klein, M.I., Golvea, M.B., Rodrigues, J.A.O., Gonçalves, R.B., Höfling, J.F., Biotyping and genotyping diversity among oral Candida albicans strains from caries free and caries activity healthy children (2006) Braz J Microbiol, 37, pp. 26-32McCullough, M.J., Ross, B.C., Reade, P.C., Candida albicans: a review of its history, taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence attributes, and methods of strain differentiation (1996) Int Oral Maxillofac Surg, 25 (2), pp. 136-144Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., Natural products as source of new drugs over the last 25 years (2007) J Nat Prod, 70, pp. 461-477Oberlies, N.H., Burgess, J.P., Navarro, H.A., Pinos, R.E., Fairchild, C.R., Peterson, 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Periodontal Conditions And Prevalence Of Putative Periodontopathogens And Candida Spp. In Insulin-dependent Type 2 Diabetic And Non-diabetic Patients With Chronic Periodontitis - A Pilot Study

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate periodontal conditions and identify the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, and four different species of Candida (C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis) in periodontal pockets and furcation sites of insulin-dependent type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with generalised chronic periodontitis. Design: Clinical parameters, including oral status assessed using plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, gingival recession and clinical attachment level and systemic conditions with fasting glucose level or glycosylated haemoglobin were measured in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Samples of subgingival biofilm were obtained from the periodontal pockets and furcation sites and submitted to phenol-chloroform DNA extraction and PCR analysis using specific primers. Results: Clinical conditions of diabetic and non-diabetic patients were similar, without statistical differences in both periodontal indexes and glucose levels (p > 0.05). Diabetics had a higher prevalence of Candida spp., mainly C. albicans and C. dubliniensis, and a lower frequency of T. forsythia, when compared to non-diabetic patients, for both periodontal sites. C. glabrata and C. tropicalis were not found in periodontal pockets and furcation sites of non-diabetic patients. 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healthy children from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2004) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42 (12), pp. 5925-5927. , DOI 10.1128/JCM.42.12.5925-5927.2004Feller, L., Lemmer, J., Necrotizing periodontal diseases in HIV-seropositive subjects: Pathogenic mechanisms (2008) J Int Acad Periodontol, 10, pp. 10-15Melton, J.J., Redding, S.W., Kirkpatrick, W.R., Reasner, C., Campo, G.L.O., Venkatesh, A., Recovery of Candida dubliniensis and other Candida species from the oral cavity of subjects with periodontitis who had well-controlled and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: A pilot study (2010) Spec Care Dentist, 30, pp. 230-234Willis, A.M., Coulter, W.A., Sullivan, D.J., Coleman, D.C., Hayes, J.R., Bell, P.M., Lamey, P.-J., Isolation of C. dubliniensis from insulin-using diabetes mellitus patients (2000) Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine, 29 (2), pp. 86-90. , DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2000.290206.xJabra-Rizk, M.A., Falkler Jr., W.A., Merz, W.G., Baqui, A.A.M.A., Kelley, J.I., Meiller, T.F., Cell 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Preliminary Characterization And Grouping Of Candida Species By Numerical Analysis Of Protein Profiles Obtained By Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Whole-cell proteins from isolates of five Candida species (Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis and Candida guilliermondii) were separated by SDS-PAGE and the profiles obtained were converted into a binary data matrix that produced a cophenetic correlation phenogram. 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Enhanced Susceptibility Of Candida Albicans To Chlorhexidine Under Anoxia

Aim: Periodontal pockets can be colonized not only by bacteria, but also by Candida albicans. However, its role in periodontitis is unknown. This study evaluated the inhibitory performance of chlorhexidine digluconate under normoxic and anoxic conditions against 16 strains of C. albicans from periodontal pockets and other 20 from the oral mucosa. Methods: Strains were grown in normoxia and anoxia to adapt themselves to the different atmospheric conditions. Microdilution-based assays were carried out to determine the minimum concentrations of chlorhexidine that may restrain the conditioned candidal strains, in normoxia (normoxic MIC) and anoxia (anoxic MIC). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine on C. albicans under normoxic and anoxic conditions (α = 0.05). Results: The normoxic MIC of chlorhexidine varied broadly from 150 to 1200 μg/mL, whereas its anoxic MIC varied narrower from 2.34 to 37.5 μg/mL. 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