283 research outputs found
Die Lehre vom Gelde : als Anleitung zu grĂĽndlichen Urtheilen ĂĽber das Geldwesen ; mit besonderer Beziehung auf den preussischen Staat
A Dual Model of Open Source License Growth
Every open source project needs to decide on an open source license. This
decision is of high economic relevance: Just which license is the best one to
help the project grow and attract a community? The most common question is:
Should the project choose a restrictive (reciprocal) license or a more
permissive one? As an important step towards answering this question, this
paper analyses actual license choice and correlated project growth from ten
years of open source projects. It provides closed analytical models and finds
that around 2001 a reversal in license choice occurred from restrictive towards
permissive licenses.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure
Selected Aspects of Agro-structural Change within the Alps
La région couverte par la Convention alpine a connu un recul important des exploitations agricoles (– 40 %) entre 1980 et 2000. Des régions stables (Autriche, Suisse) côtoient des régions profondément transformées (Italie, Slovénie). Les modifications agrostructurelles ont conduit à des bouleversements majeurs dans les structures de fonctionnement (agrandissement des exploitations, abandon de surface agricole utile, partages diversifiés des types socio-économiques d’exploitations). Cela résulte de divers facteurs, qu’ils soient culturels (l’attachement aux traditions agricoles, l’identification de la société au monde agricole), politico-agricoles (Politique Agricole Commune, OMC) ou économiques (opportunités de revenus non-agricoles) et fonctionnels (taille des exploitations). Au-delà des différenciations nationales et régionales majeures au sein de l’arc alpin (abandon d’exploitations modéré à fort), les exploitations agricoles affrontent les mêmes enjeux en ce qui concerne les transformations des structures agricoles (ex : abandon d’exploitation et augmentation de la taille des exploitations restantes). En comparaison avec la moyenne à l’échelle alpine de l’évolution du nombre d’exploitations et des surfaces agricoles utiles (1980-2000), on peut observer des tendances modérées (Autriche/Suisse/Allemagne), dynamiques (Italie/Slovénie) ou non corrélées (France).The Alpine region registered a substantial abandonment of farms (-40%) between 1980 and 2000. Both Alpine regions with a relatively stable situation (AT, CH) and regions with significant agricultural changes (IT, SI) exist next to each other. The agro-structural change has led to profound changes in operational structures (enlargement of farms, abandonment of utilised agricultural areas, varying shares of socio-economic farm types). This resulted from various cultural (e.g. relatedness to agricultural traditions, identification of the society with agriculture), agro-political (e.g. Common Agricultural Policy/ WTO) and economic (e.g. non-agricultural income possibilities), and operational (e.g. farm-size) driving forces. Next to major national and regional differences within the Alpine Region (e.g. moderate and high farm abandonment), they also face parallels with regard to the change in their agricultural structure (i.e. farm abandonment and increasing farm-size of the remaining farms). Compared to the Alpine-wide average of the changes in the number of farms and the utilised agricultural area (1980-2000), moderate (AT/CH/DE), dynamic (IT/SI), and uncorrelated (FR) were observed
Composition and evaluation of a novel web-based decision support system for grape black rot control
Identification of Disease-Associated Cryptococcal Proteins Reactive With Serum IgG From Cryptococcal Meningitis Patients
Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen ubiquitously present in the
environment, causes cryptococcal meningitis (CM) mainly in immunocompromised
patients, such as AIDS patients. We aimed to identify disease-associated cryptococcal
protein antigens targeted by the human humoral immune response. Therefore, we used
sera from Colombian CM patients, with or without HIV infection, and from healthy
individuals living in the same region. Serological analysis revealed increased titers of
anti-cryptococcal IgG in HIV-negative CM patients, but not HIV-positive CM patients,
compared to healthy controls. In contrast, titers of anti-cryptococcal IgM were not affected
by CM. Furthermore, we detected pre-existing IgG and IgM antibodies even in sera from
healthy individuals. The observed induction of anti-cryptococcal IgG but not IgM during
CM was supported by analysis of sera from C. neoformans-infected mice. Stronger
increase in IgG was found in wild type mice with high lung fungal burden compared to
IL-4Ra-deficient mice showing low lung fungal burden. To identify the proteins targeted by
human anti-cryptococcal IgG antibodies, we applied a quantitative 2D immunoproteome
approach identifying cryptococcal protein spots preferentially recognized by sera from CM
patients or healthy individuals followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Twenty-three
cryptococcal proteins were recombinantly expressed and confirmed to be
immunoreactive with human sera. Fourteen of them were newly described as
immunoreactive proteins. Twelve proteins were classified as disease-associated
antigens, based on significantly stronger immunoreactivity with sera from CM patients
compared to healthy individuals. The proteins identified in our screen significantly expand
the pool of cryptococcal proteins with potential for (i) development of novel anticryptococcal
agents based on implications in cryptococcal virulence or survival, or
(ii) development of an anti-cryptococcal vaccine, as several candidates lack homology
to human proteins and are localized extracellularly. Furthermore, this study defines preexisting
anti-cryptococcal immunoreactivity in healthy individuals at a molecular level,
identifying target antigens recognized by sera from healthy control persons
KKbar photoproduction from protons
We study the contribution of the Drell mechanism driven by K^+ and K^-
exchange to the reaction gamma N -> KKbar N. Our calculation implements the
full KN and KbarN reaction amplitudes in the form of partial wave amplitudes
taken from a meson-exchange model (KN) and a partial wave analysis (KbarN),
respectively. Comparing our results to data of the LAMP2 collaboration we
observe that the Drell mechanism alone cannot describe the large Lambda(1520)
photoproduction rate observed experimentally. We argue that the discrepancy
could be due to significant contributions from K*-meson exchange with
subsequent excitation of the Lambda(1520) resonance. After adding such
contributions to our model a good agreement of the LAMP2 experiment is
achieved. When applying the same model to the recent SAPHIR data we find an
excellent description of the K^+p spectrum and can determine the parameters of
the Lambda(1600) P01 resonance, M_R = 1617 +/- 2 MeV and Gamma_R = 117 +/- 4
MeV, from the K^-p mass distribution.Comment: updated version, analysis of new CLAS data included, 11 pages, 11
figure
SU(4) Chiral Quark Model with Configuration Mixing
Chiral quark model with configuration mixing and broken SU(3)\times U(1)
symmetry has been extended to include the contribution from c\bar c
fluctuations by considering broken SU(4) instead of SU(3). The implications of
such a model have been studied for quark flavor and spin distribution functions
corresponding to E866 and the NMC data. The predicted parameters regarding the
charm spin distribution functions, for example, \Delta c, \frac{\Delta
c}{{\Delta \Sigma}}, \frac{\Delta c}{c} as well as the charm quark distribution
functions, for example, \bar c, \frac{2\bar c}{(\bar u+\bar d)}, \frac{2 \bar
c}{(u+d)} and \frac{(c+ \bar c)}{\sum (q+\bar q)} are in agreement with other
similar calculations. Specifically, we find \Delta c=-0.009, \frac{\Delta
c}{{\Delta \Sigma}}=-0.02, \bar c=0.03 and \frac{(c+ \bar c)}{\sum (q+\bar
q)}=0.02 for the \chiQM parameters a=0.1, \alpha=0.4, \beta=0.7,
\zeta_{E866}=-1-2 \beta, \zeta_{NMC}=-2-2 \beta and \gamma=0.3, the latter
appears due to the extension of SU(3) to SU(4).Comment: 10 RevTeX pages. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Identification of Disease-Associated Cryptococcal Proteins Reactive With Serum IgG From Cryptococcal Meningitis Patients
Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen ubiquitously present in the environment, causes cryptococcal meningitis (CM) mainly in immunocompromised patients, such as AIDS patients. We aimed to identify disease-associated cryptococcal protein antigens targeted by the human humoral immune response. Therefore, we used sera from Colombian CM patients, with or without HIV infection, and from healthy individuals living in the same region. Serological analysis revealed increased titers of anti-cryptococcal IgG in HIV-negative CM patients, but not HIV-positive CM patients, compared to healthy controls. In contrast, titers of anti-cryptococcal IgM were not affected by CM. Furthermore, we detected pre-existing IgG and IgM antibodies even in sera from healthy individuals. The observed induction of anti-cryptococcal IgG but not IgM during CM was supported by analysis of sera from C. neoformans-infected mice. Stronger increase in IgG was found in wild type mice with high lung fungal burden compared to IL-4Rα-deficient mice showing low lung fungal burden. To identify the proteins targeted by human anti-cryptococcal IgG antibodies, we applied a quantitative 2D immunoproteome approach identifying cryptococcal protein spots preferentially recognized by sera from CM patients or healthy individuals followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Twenty-three cryptococcal proteins were recombinantly expressed and confirmed to be immunoreactive with human sera. Fourteen of them were newly described as immunoreactive proteins. Twelve proteins were classified as disease-associated antigens, based on significantly stronger immunoreactivity with sera from CM patients compared to healthy individuals. The proteins identified in our screen significantly expand the pool of cryptococcal proteins with potential for (i) development of novel anti-cryptococcal agents based on implications in cryptococcal virulence or survival, or (ii) development of an anti-cryptococcal vaccine, as several candidates lack homology to human proteins and are localized extracellularly. Furthermore, this study defines pre-existing anti-cryptococcal immunoreactivity in healthy individuals at a molecular level, identifying target antigens recognized by sera from healthy control persons
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