The Magnitude of Global Marine Species Diversity

Background: The question of how many marine species exist is important because it provides a metric for how much we do and do not know about life in the oceans. We have compiled the first register of the marine species of the world and used this baseline to estimate how many more species, partitioned among all major eukaryotic groups, may be discovered. Results: There are ∼226,000 eukaryotic marine species described. More species were described in the past decade (∼20,000) than in any previous one. The number of authors describing new species has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of new species described in the past six decades. We report that there are ∼170,000 synonyms, that 58,000–72,000 species are collected but not yet described, and that 482,000–741,000 more species have yet to be sampled. Molecular methods may add tens of thousands of cryptic species. Thus, there may be 0.7–1.0 million marine species. Past rates of description of new species indicate there may be 0.5 ± 0.2 million marine species. On average 37% (median 31%) of species in over 100 recent field studies around the world might be new to science. Conclusions: Currently, between one-third and two-thirds of marine species may be undescribed, and previous estimates of there being well over one million marine species appear highly unlikely. More species than ever before are being described annually by an increasing number of authors. If the current trend continues, most species will be discovered this century

Treatment of Fournier's gangrene with a novel negative pressure wound therapy system

Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a complex condition that requires surgical debridement, hemodynamic support, antibiotics, and appropriate wound management. This study is the first to assess the use of a low-vacuum negative pressure wound therapy (LV-NPWT) system with low-adherent contact surface in two cases of FG. Methods. The protocol-of-care included twice weekly dressing changes and irrigation with a povidone-iodine-water mixture. Assessments included wound progression (% granulation tissue), ratings of dressing ingrowth, pain during treatment and at dressing changes, patient comfort, and ease-of-use. Results. A 51-year-old man (Patient A) developed FG after surgical removal of a perianal abscess. He received 16 days of LV-NPWT with five dressing changes. A 64-year-old man (Patient B) with multiple comorbidities, developed FG after traumatic injury. He received 20 days of LV-NPWT with six dressing changes. In both patients, LV-NPWT promoted rapid granulation tissue formation. Pain scores averaged low-to-moderate during treatment and dressing changes, and tissue ingrowth was minimal. Conclusion. Overall, ratings were favorable for LV-NPWT ease-of-use and patient comfort. Despite the complexity of these wounds, with the use of LV-NPWT, both wounds progressed to a point where they were able to successfully receive surgical closure with skin grafts and/or flaps. These cases may suggest that LV-NPWT may have a potential role in complex wound management