緑内障における視神経乳頭画像解析

学位の種別:論文博士University of Tokyo(東京大学

Socio-spatial cognition in cats: Mentally mapping owner’s location from voice

予期せぬ場所から聞こえる飼い主の声にびっくり --ネコは耳で飼い主の位置を捉えている--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-11-22.Many animals probably hold mental representations about the whereabouts of others; this is a form of socio-spatial cognition. We tested whether cats mentally map the spatial position of their owner or a familiar cat to the source of the owner’s or familiar cat’s vocalization. In Experiment 1, we placed one speaker outside a familiar room (speaker 1) and another (speaker 2) inside the room, as far as possible from speaker 1, then we left the subject alone in the room. In the habituation phase, the cat heard its owner’s voice calling its name five times from speaker 1. In the test phase, shortly after the 5th habituation phase vocalization, one of the two speakers played either the owner’s voice or a stranger’s voice calling the cat’s name once. There were four test combinations of speaker location and sound: Same[sound] Same[location], Same[sound] Diff[location], Diff[sound] Same[location], Diff[sound] Diff[location]. In line with our prediction, cats showed most surprise in the Same[sound] Diff[location] condition, where the owner suddenly seemed to be in a new place. This reaction disappeared when we used cat vocalizations (Experiment 2) or non-vocal sounds (Experiment 3) as the auditory stimuli. Our results suggest that cats have mental representations about their out-of-sight owner linked to hearing the owner’s voice, indicating a previously unidentified socio-spatial cognitive ability

Psychological factors that promote behavior modification by obese patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The weight-loss effect of team medical care in which counseling is provided by clinical psychologists was investigated in an university hospital obesity (OB) clinic. Nutritional and exercise therapy were also studied. In our previous study, we conducted a randomized, controlled trial with obese patients and confirmed that subjects who received counseling lost significantly more weight than those in a non-counseling group. The purpose of this study was to identify the psychological characteristics assessed by ego states that promote behavior modification by obese patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>147 obese patients (116 females, 31 males; mean age: 45.9 ± 15.4 years) participated in a 6-month weight-loss program in our OB clinic. Their psychosocial characteristics were assessed using the Tokyo University Egogram (TEG) before and after intervention. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare weight and psychological factors before and after intervention. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting weight loss.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Overall, 101 subjects (68.7%) completed the program, and their data was analyzed. The subjects mean weight loss was 6.2 ± 7.3 kg (<it>Z </it>= 7.72, <it>p </it>< 0.01), and their mean BMI decreased by 2.4 ± 2.7 kg/m²(<it>Z </it>= 7.65, <it>p </it>< 0.01). Significant differences were observed for the Adult (A) ego state (0.68 ± 3.56, <it>Z </it>= 1.95, <it>p </it>< 0.05) and the Free Child (FC) ego state (0.59 ± 2.74, <it>Z </it>= 2.46, <it>p </it>< 0.01). The pre-FC ego state had a significant effect on weight loss (β = 0.33, <it>p </it>< 0.01), and a tendency for changes in the A ego state scores to affect weight loss (β = - 0.20, <it>p </it>= 0.06) was observed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study of a 6-month weight-loss program that included counseling by clinical psychologists confirmed that the A ego state of obese patients, which is related to their self-monitoring skill, and the FC ego state of them, which is related to their autonomy, were increased. Furthermore, the negative aspects of the FC ego state related to optimistic and instinctive characteristics inhibited the behavior modification, while the A ego state represented objective self-monitoring skills that may have contributed to weight loss.</p

ESTUDO EXPLORATÓRIO COMPARATIVO DA EFICÁCIA ENTRE PROTÓTIPOS FÍSICO, ANALÍTICO 2D E 3D NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE INCONSISTÊNCIAS DE PROJETOS

O protótipo é um recurso valioso ao processo de desenvolvimento de um produto (PDP), pois permite melhorar tanto o conhecimento e o desempenho do produto como a confiabilidade acerca do produto e dos processos relacionados a seu desenvolvimento e produção. Particularmente na indústria do ambiente construído, o desenvolvimento de protótipos físicos apresenta algumas restrições inerentes ao caráter único de seu produto. Entende-se que a prototipagem física de apartamentos tipo, atualmente utilizada para resolução de inconsistências de projeto, pode ser aproveitada com mais eficácia na melhoria dos processos produtivos em canteiro de obra desde que aquelas inconsistências, que são o foco atual, sejam mitigadas com a incorporação da prototipagem virtual ao PDP do ambiente construído. Esta incoporação é atualmente viável a partir de ferramentas BIM.  O objetivo neste artigo é discutir a capacidade das prototipagens física focada, analítica 3D e 2D para identificar inconsistências  nos projetos executivos, com base nos resultados obtidos em um estudo exploratório que confronta o desempenho desses protótipos. Neste estudo foram compostas equipes distintas para o desenvolvimento das 3 tipologias de protótipos e foram definidos critérios para avaliação da eficácia dos mesmos na detecção de inconsistências. Os resultados apontam os benefícios da modelagem BIM em termos de eficácia, custos e prazo.Prototype is a valuable resource to the product development process (PDP)because it allows improvements on both knowledge about and performance of the product,as well as the reliability on the product and processes related to its development andproduction processes. Particularly in the built environment industry, the development ofphysical prototypes has some inherent restrictions due to the uniqueness of its product. Itis understood that physical prototyping focused on the typical unit from residential projects,currently used for solving design conflicts, can be more effective for improving productionprocesses in the construction site since those inconsistencies, which are the current focus,are mitigated by the incorporation of virtual prototyping to the PDP of the constructedenvironment. This practice is currently feasible due to the availability of tools that enable BIM.The objective of this paper is to discuss the capability of focused physical, virtual analyticaland analytical representative prototypes for the identification of design inconsistencies. Thisdiscussion is based on the results of an exploratory study, developed in a building company,for which three different teams tackled the three different prototypes. Some criteria foreffectiveness assessment were also defined. The results show the benefits from BIM in termsof effectiveness, costs and time