オスマン朝時代の中央アナトリアにおける家畜飼養形態、環境、民族 : カマン・カレホユック遺跡イスラム時代層出土の動物遺存体

This paper is based on an analysis of faunal remains from the Ottoman Empire Period Layers at Kaman-Kalehöyük, a mound site located in Kirşehir province, Turkey. Anatolia, during the period after the Ottoman conquest in 1453, has usually been regarded as being under Turkish rule and its culture designated as "Islamic," which conceals the cultural variability and complex demography of the region. In spite of numerous ethnographic accounts of life during the Ottoman Empire Period, details of animal husbandry practices are virtually unknown. This study attempts to investigate the patterns of animal husbandry practice during the Ottoman Empire Period by examining relative proportions of taxa, kill-off patterns and body sizes of major domesticates, and the frequency and nature of bone modification. The results are compared to the result of faunal analysis of the Iron Age layers at the site, and also to reports from other contemporary sites in Anatolia. Aspects of pastoral economy in relation to the site\u27s status and environment as well as the ethnicity of the residents of the site are discussed

Variation in Mitochondrial DNA of Vietnamese Pigs: Relationships with Asian Domestic Pigs and Ryukyu Wild Boars

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (574 bp) of 30 Vietnamese pigs (large and small) were examined and compared with those of 61 haplotypes from wild boars and domestic pigs from various locations in Asia. The large Vietnamese pigs had genetic links to Ryukyu wild boars in southern Japan. The small Vietnamese pigs were closely related to other East Asian domestic pigs. These results indicate that Vietnamese pigs are genetically diverse and may be descendents of wild and domestic pigs from other regions of Asia

Variation in mitochondrial DNA of Vietnamese pigs: Relationships with Asian domestic pigs and Ryukyu wild boars

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (574 bp) of 30 Vietnamese pigs (large and small) were examined and compared with those of 61 haplotypes from wild boars and domestic pigs from various locations in Asia. The large Vietnamese pigs had genetic links to Ryukyu wild boars in southern Japan. The small Vietnamese pigs were closely related to other East Asian domestic pigs. These results indicate that Vietnamese pigs are genetically diverse and may be descendents of wild and domestic pigs from other regions of Asia

MtDNA variation and human-mediated introgression of indigenous sus populations on several Indonesian Islands

o examine the genetic origin of the domestic pig, the distribution of wild boar, and　human-mediated translocation of the domestic pig, we collected 223 samples from domestic pigs and　wild boars from eight Indonesian islands, sequenced the control region of mitochondrial DNA　(mtDNA) from each sample, and compared these sequences with previously determined sequences from East and Southeast Asian domestic pigs and wild boars. Three Sus species (S. scrofa, S.verrucosus, and S. celebensis) were identified on the Indonesian islands. The mtDNA sequences of　three Indonesian Sus species were diverse, and they clustered into three lineages with low bootstrap　values (an S. scrofa group including East and Southeast Asian domestic pigs and wild boars, a group including indigenous S. scrofa together with S. verrucosus from Sumatra and Java Islands, and an S.celebensis group from Sulawesi Island). The mtDNA haplotypes of S. scrofa wild boars from three　(Sumbawa, Flores and New Guinea) islands and domestic pigs from two (Lombok and Timor) islands east of the Wallace Line, and some S. scrofa wild boars from Sumatra and Java Islands were related　to Vietnamese pig mtDNA sequences in the East and Southeast Asian domestic pig and wild boar　clade, supporting that ancient immigrants likely introduced domestic pigs from the Asian continent to east Indonesian islands. The mtDNA haplotypes of S. celebensis were broadly divided into three　groups, which were distributed in the north and southwest areas, central area and southeast area of　Sulawesi Island

Documenting the initial appearance of domestic cattle in the Eastern Fertile Crescent (northern Iraq and western Iran)

In this paper we address the timing of and mechanisms for the appearance of domestic cattle in the Eastern Fertile Crescent (EFC) region of SW Asia through the analysis of new and previously published species abundance and biometric data from 86 archaeofaunal assemblages. We find that Bos exploitation was a minor component of animal economies in the EFC in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene but increased dramatically in the sixth millennium BC. Moreover, biometric data indicate that small-sized Bos, likely representing domesticates, appear suddenly in the region without any transitional forms in the early to mid sixth millennium BC. This suggests that domestic cattle were imported into the EFC, possibly associated with the spread of the Halaf archaeological culture, several millennia after they first appear in the neighboring northern Levant

Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe

Archaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by ~10,500 y before the present (BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers ~8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local Euro-pean wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic con-tribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process

Faunal Remains from Tell Aray 2, Northwestern Syria.

This paper is based on the analysis of a portion of the animal bone remains, dated to the middle of the 6th millennium B.C., that were excavated in the 1990 season A probe (T.P.-A) of Aray 2 in northern Syria. Over 80 % of the analyzed faunal remains come from domestic cattle, pig, sheep and goat. Wild cattle, wild goat, wild pig, gazelle, red deer, and fallow deer were also identified. A bird bone and a few shells were found, but no fish bones were recovered. Kill-off patterns suggest that cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats all were exploited primarily for meat. The size of cattle, sheep, goat, and pig from Tell Aray were evaluated using "standard animal" size index methods. The size and kill-off pattern of animals from Tell Aray 2 indicate that, in addition to sheep and goats, most of the cattle and pigs were domestic already in the Amuq A period. The proportion of wild animals slightly decreases in the sample from the Amuq A to B. Sheep and goats seem to have become increasingly important in the later period while cattle became relatively less important.Présentation de l'analyse d'une partie des restes osseux animaux datés du début du 6e millénaire avant J.C., trouvés en 1990 dans le sondage A (T.P.-A) de Tell Aray 2 (Syrie du Nord). Plus de 80 % de la faune analysée provient de bœufs, porcs, moutons et chèvres domestiques. Des bœufs, chèvres, porcs sauvages, des gazelles, des cerfs et des daims ont aussi été identifiés. Un os ď oiseau et quelques coquillages ont été notés, mais aucune arête de poisson n'a été mise au jour. Le type et ï âge ď abattage suggèrent que bœufs, porcs, moutons, et chèvres étaient exploités prioritairement pour la viande. Les tailles des divers animaux de Tell Aray ont été évaluées à l' aide des indices standard de taille. Tant la taille des animaux que le type d'abattage tendent à prouver que, dès l'Amuq A, les bœufs sont domestiques. Entre l'Amuq A et l'Amuq B, la proportion d'animaux sauvages diminue légèrement. Moutons et chèvres sont plus abondants dans la seconde phase; en revanche, le bœuf diminue.Hongo Hitomi. Faunal Remains from Tell Aray 2, Northwestern Syria.. In: Paléorient, 1996, vol. 22, n°1. pp. 125-144

Artiodactyl specimens from the Udunga fauna

Artiodactyla is the most dominant mammal in the Udunga fauna, and more than 2000 specimens have been recognized in the fossil materials to date. In this small study we provisionally identified ten taxa, including four species of cervids and six species of bovids based on antler and horn morphology, but the identification operation has not yet been completed. Most of the artiodactyl specimens are of dental and bone fragments, so it is very hard to identify the taxa on the genus and/or species level. In order to classify the postcranial materials we tried the statistical analyses on four kinds of the hind limb bones, such as astragalus, distal tibia, calcaneus, and naviculocuboid. Although we could not get the sufficient result from this work, we classify the specimens into several groups. These analyses would be useful for higher taxa classification of fossil artiodactyls