Grau de satisfação e intensidade da dor dos pacientes submetidos à biópsia prostática transretal guiada por ultrassom com uso de sedação e analgesia endovenosa com midazolam e citrato de fentanila

O câncer de próstata, excluindo os tumores de pele, é a neoplasia mais comum no homem e, representando globalmente 9,7% dos tumores, é a segunda causa de óbito, precedido apenas pelo câncer de pulmão1. Sua incidência vem aumentando nas últimas décadas. O diagnóstico de certeza é realizado em fragmentos obtidos por meio de biópsia prostática guiada por ultrassom transretal. Com o aumento do número de biópsias e fragmentos por procedimento e com a possibilidade, cada vez mais frequente, de novos procedimentos realizados para um mesmo paciente, ficou clara a importância de se realizar algum tipo de analgesia para sua realização. Neste contexto, o estudo de novas formas de analgesia, visando à efetividade, segurança e comodidade para o médico e paciente é extremamente atual, principalmente por não haver consenso sobre qual seja o melhor método de analgesia para esse procedimento. Avaliar a intensidade da dor e o grau de satisfação dos pacientes submetidos à biopsia prostática transretal guiada por ultrassom com uso de sedação e analgesia endovenosa com midazolam e citrato de fentanila. É um estudo prospectivo descritivo transversal, realizado em uma amostra consecutiva de conveniência de pacientes com diferentes indicações para biópsia prostática que foram submetidos ao procedimento com uso de 5 mg de midazolam e 50 mcg de citrato de fentanila endovenoso três minutos antes do procedimento. Após a biópsia a dor foi avaliada, por meio da Escala Visual Analógica (VAS), em três momentos: 1 – Durante a introdução do transdutor no canal anal, 2 – Durante a penetração da agulha no tecido prostático e 3 – Na semana seguinte ao exame. A intensidade da dor nesses diferentes momentos, foi comparada com a estratificação de idade, raça, escolaridade, volume prostático, rebiópsia e ansiedade pré biópsia...of tumors, being the second cause of death among cancers. Its incidence has increased in recent decades. Its diagnosis is obtained from prostate biopsy guided by transrectal ultrasound. The growing number of biopsies and fragments per procedure as well as its possible repetition clearly shows the importance of performing some kind of analgesia for prostate biopsy. In this context, there are many studies on new forms of analgesia aiming at effectiveness, safety and convenience for the physician and patient, once there is no consensus on the best method of anesthesia for this procedure. To assess the pain intensity of patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy guided by ultrasound, using intravenous sedation and analgesia with midazolam and fentanyl citrate. It is a prospective cross-sectional study, conducted with a convenience sample of patients with different indications for prostate biopsy who underwent the procedure using 5 mg of midazolam and 50 mcg of fentanyl citrate intravenously three minutes prior to the procedure. After the biopsy, pain was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in three stages: 1 - Introduction of the probe in the anal canal, 2 - Penetration of the needle into the prostate tissue and 3 – One week following the exam. Pain intensity in these different times was tested with the stratification of age, race, education, prostate volume, rebiopsy and anxiety before biopsy. The pain was ranked according to score: 0 (no pain), 1-3 (mild pain), 3.01-7 (moderate pain) and 7.01-10 (severe pain). Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon two-tailed with a significance of 5%. Factors such as age, race, education level, prostate volume, presence of rebiopsy, pre biopsy anxiety, did not influence the pain intensity regarding the method used. The mean pain VAS 1 score was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below

Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas no Internato: Há Continuidade do Processo de Ensino e Aprendizagem Ativo?

A Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP) contribui para a busca ativa de informações e habilidades necessárias à formação profissional no internato. Frequentemente, a postura passiva de internos e a conduta de preceptores não contribuem satisfatoriamente para a construção ativa do conhecimento. Este estudo avaliou a percepção dos estudantes de Medicina da Famema e seus preceptores sobre a continuidade do processo ativo de aprendizagem na construção do conhecimento nas atividades do internato. Efetuou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, sendo realizados grupos focais com internos e entrevistas com preceptores do internato para obtenção de dados, analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Obtiveram-se três categorias empíricas comuns entre estudantes e preceptores – a ação pedagógica dos preceptores na construção dos conhecimentos dos internos: do comprometimento à interlocução com os sujeitos; a influência dos cenários, dos pacientes e das ações pedagógicas na construção do processo de ensino e aprendizagem no internato; e a ABP e o internato na Famema: o reflexo do processo pedagógico ativo na construção dos conhecimentos e na formação dos estudantes –, que demonstraram a dificuldade de continuar o processo ativo de aprendizagem

Short-term prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin in extended 16-core prostate biopsy

Objective: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and possible complications of 16-core transrectal prostate biopsies using two doses of ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis of infectious complications.Materials and Methods: Sixteen-core prostate biopsies were performed on a number of patients with different signs of potential prostate cancer. Complications were assessed both during the procedure and one week later. After the procedure, urine samples were collected for culture. The rate of post-biopsy complications, hospital visits and hospitalizations were also analyzed. Ciprofloxacin (500 mg) was administered two hours before, and eight hours after the procedure.Results: The overall rate of post-biopsy complications was 87.32%, being 5.4% of those considered major complications due to hemorrhage, or to urinary retention. Eight patients required hospital treatment post-biopsy. Fever occurred in just one patient (0.29%). There was no incidence of orchitis, epididymitis, prostatitis, septicemia, hospitalization, or death. The urine culture showed positive results in five patients (2.15%).Conclusion: One-day prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin proved to be safe and effective in the prevention of infectious complications following 16-core prostate biopsies

What is the ideal core number for ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy?

Purpose: We evaluated the utility of 10-, 12-, and 16-core prostate biopsies for detecting prostate cancer (PCa) and correlated the results with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, prostate volumes, Gleason scores, and detection rates of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP). Materials and Methods: A prospective controlled study was conducted in 354 consecutive patients with various indications for prostate biopsy. Sixteen-core biopsy specimens were obtained from 351 patients. The first 10-core biopsy specimens were obtained bilaterally from the base, middle third, apex, medial, and latero-lateral regions. Afterward, six additional punctures were performed bilaterally in the areas more lateral to the base, middle third, and apex regions, yielding a total of 16-core biopsy specimens. The detection rate of carcinoma in the initial 10-core specimens was compared with that in the 12- and 16-core specimens. Results: No significant differences in the cancer detection rate were found between the three biopsy protocols. PCa was found in 102 patients (29.06%) using the 10-core protocol, in 99 patients (28.21%) using the 12-core protocol, and in 107 patients (30.48%) using the 16-core protocol (p=0.798). The 10-, 12-, and 16-core protocols were compared with stratified PSA levels, stratified prostate volumes, Gleason scores, and detection rates of HGPIN and ASAP; no significant differences were found. Conclusions: Cancer positivity with the 10-core protocol was not significantly different from that with the 12- and 16-core protocols, which indicates that the 10-core protocol is acceptable for performing a first biopsy

Sedoanalgesia with midazolam and fentanyl citrate controls probe pain during prostate biopsy by transrectal ultrasound

To assess the pain intensity of patients administered midazolam and fentanyl citrate before undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. This was a study in patients with different indications for prostate biopsy in whom 5 mg of midazolam and 50 µg of fentanyl citrate was administered intravenously 3 minutes before the procedure. After biopsy, pain was assessed by use of a visual analogue scale (VAS) in three stages: VAS 1, during probe introduction; VAS 2, during needle penetration into prostate tissue; and VAS 3, in the weeks following the exam. Pain intensity at these different times was tested with stratification by age, race, education, prostate volume, rebiopsy, and anxiety before biopsy. Pain was ranked according to the following scores: 0 (no pain), 1-3 (mild pain), 4-7 (moderate pain), and 8-10 (severe pain). Statistical analysis was performed by using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon two-tailed tests with a significance of 5%. Pain intensity was not influenced by any risk factors. The mean VAS 1 score was 1.95±1.98, the mean VAS 2 score was 2.73±2.55, and the mean VAS 3 score was 0.3±0.9, showing greater pain at the time of needle penetration than in other situations (VAS 2>VAS 1>VAS 3, p=0.0013, p=0.0001, respectively). Seventy-five percent of patients reported a VAS pain scale of less than 3.1 or mild pain. Intravenous sedation and analgesia with midazolam and fentanyl citrate is a good method for reducing pain caused by prostate biopsy, even during probe insertion