Do high incomes reflect individual performance? The determinants of high incomes in Germany

In neoclassical economic theory the level of individual income is predominantly determined by individual job performance. Thus high incomes reflect the high marginal productivity of labour of the affluent working population. While the scientific research of poverty has a long tradition, nearly nothing is known about the rich. This study tries to diminish this research gap by investigating the structure of high labour incomes in Germany. By revealing the determinants of high incomes by descriptive and paneleconometric analyses mit Daten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels, we want to answer the question if high incomes are especially the result of individual job performance or rather the result of social selection through social background or sexual discriminationHigh incomes, social background, discrimination, human capital, job performance, GSOEP, theory of justice

The distribution and re-distribution of income of selfemployed as freelancers and entrepreneurs in Europe

The economic transformations of modern industrial societies have changed the labor markets in terms of industrial relations and occupational structure. The transformation of the traditional welfare state, the deregulation of the labor markets, the technological change and the reorganization of industrial structures influenced strongly the attitude of individuals towards their preferred labor contract. The structural change of the occupational structure was one of the results of this tendency. In particular the self-employed and freelancers have been affected and are a driving factor of labor market changings. On the one side the value of autonomy regarding industrial relations is becoming more important for employees. On the other side employers want to get rid of social security contributions. As a result the multitudinousness of these professions increased. The increasing varieties of occupations among the self-employed and freelancers influenced strongly their income distribution. Recent studies for Germany have shown a great dispersion and a heterogeneous structure of earnings in particular of freelancers (liberal professions) and self-employed. Though there are a variety of international income distribution studies, but – as to the best to our knowledge – no study focusing on the self-employed and freelancers within the total labor force. In our study we concentrate on the income distribution of self-employed and freelancers in different European countries. Based on the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) we analyze five different European countries and the United States structured by different types of welfare states according to Esping Anderson. We analyze income distributional aspects, an occupational decomposition à la Shorrocks, and re-distributional effects of the tax and transfer systems.Europe, Income distribution of freelancers and self-employed, decomposition of inequality, redistribution, LIS microdata

Faculty Turnover at American Colleges and Universities: Analyses of AAUP Data

This paper uses institutional level data collected by the American Association of University Professors as part of their annual survey of faculty members\u27 compensation to analyze faculty turnover. Analyses of aggregate data over almost a twenty-year period highlight how remarkably stable faculty retention rates have been nationwide and how little they vary across broad categories of institutions. Analyses of variations in faculty retention rates across individual institutions stress the role that faculty compensation levels play. Higher levels of compensation appear to increase retention rates for assistant and associate professors (but not for full professors) and the magnitude of this effect grows larger as one moves from institutions with graduate programs, to four-year undergraduate institutions, to two-year institutions

Teacher Talk in the Elementary School EFL Classroom

In a push to promote and improve English Education, the Japanese government has instigated numerous policy reforms from elementary school through senior high school. The most ambitious plans relate to elementary school instruction. From 2020, fifth and sixth grade students will study English as a mandatory subject with double the number of classroom hours, and third and fourth grade students will be required to study English as a foreign language activity. There is concern, however, that elementary school teachers charged with teaching English may lack confidence in English communication, particularly in the teacher talk used to engage students. To better understand these constraints, this paper examines the importance of teacher talk, reports on observations in six Japanese elementary school classrooms, and provides direction in choosing the language of communication in different situations. Analysis of the transcribed data reveals that while many teachers may be proficient at English greetings and display questions, there are ample opportunities to expand English teacher talk by increasing the amount of general classroom instruction issued in English

Alien Registration- Hirschel, Charlotte (Lewiston, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/22292/thumbnail.jp

The Relationship Between Discrimination, Acculturation, and General Psychological Functioning in International Students

International students come from all over the world to study in the United States. Cultural differences they experience can make the transition difficult, resulting in acculturative stress. Encountering discrimination is, unfortunately, a comconcern for international students which may compound acculturative stress. The aim of the current study was to better understand discrimination felt by international students, and how it is related to pre-contact factors, acculturation factors, and adjustment factors. A more thorough understanding of this important, but often overlooked, aspect of acculturation could lead to future interventions designed to improve international student experiences while abroad. Pre-contact factors such as place of origin, physical appearance, age, and religion were examined in addition to acculturation factors such as acculturation strategy, length of time in the United States, English proficiency, and social support. Adjustment factors considered included acculturative stress, perceived discrimination, and inclinations to attribute discrimination. General psychological health was used as an overall outcome measure in order to provide a picture of the importance of the adjustment factors and to allow for comparisons to be made between them. Results suggest that feeling discriminated against is unfortunately comfor international students. Country of origin, physical appearance, connectedness to mainstream culture, and English proficiency were found in the study to be particularly important regarding international student experiences. Efforts targeting these variables could improve experiences, and some ideas for such interventions are provided

Special Problems Faced by the Elderly Victims of Crime

Recently, increased attention has been paid to the problems faced by the elderly within our society. One of the most pressing problems is the threat of crime, This article examines the actual risk of criminal victimization among the elderly, the physical, financial, and psychological consequences of victimization, and the special problems faced by the elderly as they attempt to deal with the criminal justice system. Finally, their fear of crime, which in itself constitutes a very real form of victimization, is explored