Is There a Gap in the Gap? Regional Differences in the Gender Pay Gap

In this paper, we investigate regional dierences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers' ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a fexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we and that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in large metropolitan than in rural areas. This regional gap in the gap of roughly ten percentage points remained surprisingly constant over the entire observation period of thirty years.Gender pay gap, urban-rural differences, matching, monopsonistic discrimination

Is There a Gap in the Gap? Regional Differences in the Gender Pay Gap

In this paper, we investigate regional differences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers' ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a flexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we find that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in large metropolitan than in rural areas. This regional gap in the gap of roughly ten percentage points remained surprisingly constant over the entire observation period of thirty years.gender pay gap, urban-rural differences, matching, monopsonistic discrimination

Is There a Gap in the Gap? Regional Differences in the Gender Pay Gap

In this paper, we investigate regional differences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers' ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a fexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we and that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in large metropolitan than in rural areas. This regional gap in the gap of roughly ten percentage points remained surprisingly constant over the entire observation period of thirty years

Regionale Unterschiede im "Gender Pay Gap": Lohnabstand von Frauen in der Stadt kleiner als auf dem Land

In Großstädten ist das allgemeine Lohnniveau für junge (Vollzeit-)Beschäftigte (im Alter von 25 bis 34 Jahren) mit niedriger oder mittlerer Qualifikation bedeutend höher als in ländlichen Gebieten. Dies gilt für Frauen wie für Männer. Aber noch immer werden junge Frauen geringer entlohnt als ihre männlichen Kollegen. Dabei ist der Lohnabstand zwischen Frauen und Männern auf dem Land deutlich höher als in Großstädten. Obwohl in diesen beiden untersuchten Regionstypen die unerklärte geschlechtsspezifische Lohnlücke (Gender Pay Gap) für junge Arbeitnehmer über die letzten dreißig Jahre (Untersuchungszeitraum 1975 bis 2004) hinweg deutlich geschrumpft ist, verharrt der Abstand zwischen beiden nahezu konstant bei rund 10 Prozentpunkten. Für eine Angleichung der geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschiede zwischen Stadt und Land gibt es keinerlei Hinweise

Is there a gap in the gap? Regional differences in the gender pay gap

In this paper, we investigate regional differences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers' ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a flexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we find that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in large metropolitan than in rural areas. This regional gap in the gap of roughly ten percentage points remained surprisingly constant over the entire observation period of thirty years

Is There a Gap in the Gap? Regional Differences in the Gender Pay Gap

In this paper, we investigate regional differences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers' ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a flexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we find that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in large metropolitan than in rural areas. This regional gap in the gap of roughly ten percentage points remained surprisingly constant over the entire observation period of thirty years

Globalização e mudança social: o conceito da teoria materialista do Estado e a teoria da regulação

The author starts off by examining the changes in world capitalism after the 1970s and 1980's crises, which are still unsolved. He presents an overview of what he calls not as a "new world order" but as a "growing global disorder" — after the soviet system break down, and the questionment of the USA hegemony by Japan or Western Europe. The paper explores the Regulation Theory and some concepts like "accumulation regime" and "mode of regulation", "nation-state", "state system", "national and international regulation" and "globalization". It also presents analyses of political system including the organization of the state, the manner In which class relations become institutionalized, the forms of social relations and compromised formation are meaningfull. The author explains that "international regulation" is structurally fragmented and weak because the global accumulation process is politically mediated by the nation-state form. The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept of Materialist State Theory and to present the Regulation Theory — a new attempt to renovate the theory of capitalism in the marxist tradition — as a theoretical reaction to the world economic crisis of the 1970's, which can answer to fundamental questions with respect to the capitalist world system and its dynamics.The author starts off by examining the changes in world capitalism after the 1970s and 1980's crises, which are still unsolved. He presents an overview of what he calls not as a "new world order" but as a "growing global disorder" — after the soviet system break down, and the questionment of the USA hegemony by Japan or Western Europe. The paper explores the Regulation Theory and some concepts like "accumulation regime" and "mode of regulation", "nation-state", "state system", "national and international regulation" and "globalization". It also presents analyses of political system including the organization of the state, the manner In which class relations become institutionalized, the forms of social relations and compromised formation are meaningfull. The author explains that "international regulation" is structurally fragmented and weak because the global accumulation process is politically mediated by the nation-state form. The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept of Materialist State Theory and to present the Regulation Theory — a new attempt to renovate the theory of capitalism in the marxist tradition — as a theoretical reaction to the world economic crisis of the 1970's, which can answer to fundamental questions with respect to the capitalist world system and its dynamics

Das demokratisierende Potential von 'Nichtregierungsorganisationen'

'Die sogenannten Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NRO) haben in der letzten Zeit eine verstärkte wissenschaftliche und publizistische Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Optimistische Einschätzungen stilisieren sie zu einer Art Hoffnungsträger für demokratische und 'zivilgesellschaftliche' Entwicklungen, vor allem auf internationaler Ebene. Eine genauere Analyse zeigt, dass diesbezüglich einige Skepsis angebracht ist. Hier wird die These vertreten, dass die Bedeutung von NRO nur auf der Grundlage einer elaborierten Staatstheorie und unter Berücksichtigung der im Zuge der neoliberalen Globalisierungsoffensive durchgesetzten Transformation des Staatensystems beurteilt werden kann. Zugleich bedarf es einer analytisch genaueren Bestimmung dessen, was unter diesem in der Regel äußerst schwammig verwendeten Begriff zu verstehen ist. Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit den gesellschaftlichen und politischen Bedingungen, die zu einem verstärkten Auftreten von NRO geführt haben. Dabei spielen die Rationalitäts-, Repräsentativitäts- und Legitimitätsdefizite der bestehenden politischen Strukturen und Prozesse eine wesentliche Rolle. Ergebnis ist, dass NRO zweifellos eine bedeutsame Rolle im Rahmen internationaler politischer Regulationszusammenhänge spielen werden, ihre demokratische Qualität aber wesentlich davon abhängt, dass sie ihre kooperative Einbindung in undurchsichtige und unkontrollierte staatlich-private Verhandlungssysteme durchbrechen.' (Autorenreferat)'Recently Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) have received increased attention by the scientific community and the general public alike. Optimists see in NGOs a possibility to establish democratic structures or a civil society at the international level. However, upon closer inspection the potential of NGOs appears less promising. In this paper, NGOs are analysed on the basis of an elaborate theory of the state. Thereby the latest transformation of the state system as an effect of neoliberal globalisation strategies can be taken into account. Moreover, a definition of the term 'NGO' is attempted, considering the societal and political constellations, which recently have lead to a proliferation of this organisational form. These constellations are signified by legitimation, representation and rationalisation deficits of modern societies. Finally, NGOs are found to have the potential to play an important role in international regulatory frameworks. Yet, the opaque and uncontrolled corporative structures NGOs have formed with states may severely limit the NGOs¿ democratic quality.' (author's abstract)

Globalisierung und Terror

The new form of international terrorism shows complex relations to the capitalist globalization process. It is argued that the present international system – despite of the absolute economic and military dominance of the „strong states” under US-leadership – is marked by a fundamental lack of political hegemony. The crisis of politics resulting from this „non hegemonial” situation is based in a fundamental contradiction of the neoliberal globalization project. The reactions of the dominant states to the terrorist attacks are suited to deepen and to intensify this political crisis