Sharing the Risk of Settlement Failure: Synopsis

Two policies toward payments-system risk are common, but superficially appear to be contradictory. One policy is to restrict the exposure to risk generated by one participant to other participants who are, by one measure or another, directly concerned with the risky participant. The other policy is to provide a "safety net," typically provided by government and funded by taxes collected from all participants and even from non-participants, to share losses due to "systemic risk." In this paper, we provide a model in which both of these policies can be constituents of an economically efficient regime of payments-risk management.

Non-equilibrium behavior of the magnetization in the helimagnetic phases of the rare earth alloys R_{1-x}Y_{x} (R = Gd, Tb, Dy)

We have performed DC and AC magnetization measurements for the rare-earth magnetic alloy systems Gd_{0.62}Y_{0.38}, Tb_{0.86}Y_{0.14}, and Dy_{0.97}Y_{0.03}. These materials commonly exhibit a proper helical magnetic structure, and ferromagnetic structure at lower temperatures.In all of these materials, a difference between zero-field-cooled (ZFC) magnetization and field-cooled (FC) magnetization and a hysteresis loop in the M-H curve have been observed in the helimagnetic phases. The non-equilibrium behavior is possibly caused by a common nature, e. g., chiral domain structures. In addition to the above behavior, strong non-linearity of the magnetization and slow spin dynamics have been observed around the N'eel temperature only in Gd$_{0.62}$Y$_{0.38}$. The spin-glass like behavior observed in Gd_{0.62}Y_{0.38} could be related to a novel glassy state such as a helical-glass state.Comment: 7pages 4 figures, 20th International Conference on Magnetism (ICM2015

Isomorphisms of Direct Products of Finite Commutative Groups

We have been working on the formalization of groups. In [1], we encoded some theorems concerning the product of cyclic groups. In this article, we present the generalized formalization of [1]. First, we show that every finite commutative group which order is composite number is isomorphic to a direct product of finite commutative groups which orders are relatively prime. Next, we describe finite direct products of finite commutative groups.The 1st author was supported by JSPS KAKENHI 21240001, and the 3rd author was supported by JSPS KAKENHI 22300285Okazaki Hiroyuki - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanYamazaki Hiroshi - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanShidama Yasunari - Shinshu University Nagano, JapanKenichi Arai, Hiroyuki Okazaki, and Yasunari Shidama. Isomorphisms of direct products of finite cyclic groups. Formalized Mathematics, 20(4):343-347, 2012. doi:10.2478/v10037-012-0038-5.Grzegorz Bancerek. Cardinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):377-382, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. König’s theorem. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):589-593, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. Monoids. Formalized Mathematics, 3(2):213-225, 1992.Grzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 55-65, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. The modification of a function by a function and the iteration of the composition of a function. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):521-527, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Partial functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):357-367, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Agata Darmochwał. Finite sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):165-167, 1990.Artur Korniłowicz. The product of the families of the groups. Formalized Mathematics, 7(1):127-134, 1998.Artur Korniłowicz and Piotr Rudnicki. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. Formalized Mathematics, 12(2):179-186, 2004.Rafał Kwiatek. Factorial and Newton coefficients. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):887-890, 1990.Rafał Kwiatek and Grzegorz Zwara. The divisibility of integers and integer relatively primes. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):829-832, 1990.Beata Madras. Product of family of universal algebras. Formalized Mathematics, 4(1): 103-108, 1993.Andrzej Trybulec. Domains and their Cartesian products. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 115-122, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec. Binary operations applied to functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (2):329-334, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec. Many sorted sets. Formalized Mathematics, 4(1):15-22, 1993.Michał J. Trybulec. Integers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):501-505, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Groups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):821-827, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Subgroup and cosets of subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5): 855-864, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Classes of conjugation. Normal subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):955-962, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Lattice of subgroups of a group. Frattini subgroup. Formalized Mathematics, 2(1):41-47, 1991.Wojciech A. Trybulec and Michał J. Trybulec. Homomorphisms and isomorphisms of groups. Quotient group. Formalized Mathematics, 2(4):573-578, 1991.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (1):73-83, 1990