Carbide Field Emitters

It has been reported that field emission current from a carbide single crystal is much more stable than a tungsten field emitter. Recent progress in the development of stable carbide field emitters is reviewed. Existence of an optimum flashing temperature is pointed out and a recently developed stabilizing technique of the carbide field emitter is introduced. It is also pointed out that the quality of the vacuum is still important for stable operation of a carbide field emitter

カンキョウ カンリ カイケイ ノ ショキノウ リョウイキ ソシオ マネジメント アカウンティング シロン 2

In Japan the environmental accounting for external reporting has been considerably developed partly because of the guideline by the Department of Environment. But the environmental accounting for internal management control, that is environmental management accounting,is said to be second to those of the U.S.A. and European countries. At the early stage of developing environmental management accounting in Japan it is useful to study the American and European cases. This paper examines some of the American examples especially in the areas of investment analysis, cost management and profitability appraisal of products and tries to make clear the positive social nature and the background of environmental management accounting

キギョウ ノ シャカイテキ セキニン ト シュウエキセイ ソシオ マネジメント アカウンティング シロン 3

Traditionally it has been thought that corporate social responsibility can not be compatible with profitability. Recently, however, some examples that suggest the compatibility between corporate social responsibility and profitability are shown, and some writers stress the compatibility. So, it is necessary to verify the compatibility positively and logically. This paper tries to make clear the existence of positive aspect of the compatibility with some evidence and to propose a new viewpoint to define the concept of profitability

Phase-dependent preference of thermosensation and chemosensation during simultaneous presentation assay in Caenorhabditis elegans

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Multi-sensory integration is necessary for organisms to discriminate different environmental stimuli and thus determine behavior. <it>Caenorhabditis elegans </it>has 12 pairs of amphid sensory neurons, which are involved in generating behaviors such as thermotaxis toward cultivation temperature, and chemotaxis toward chemical stimuli. This arrangement of known sensory neurons and measurable behavioral output makes <it>C. elegans </it>suitable for addressing questions of multi-sensory integration in the nervous system. Previous studies have suggested that <it>C. elegans </it>can process different chemoattractants simultaneously. However, little is known about how these organisms can integrate information from stimuli of different modality, such as thermal and chemical stimuli.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We studied the behavior of a population of <it>C. elegans </it>during simultaneous presentation of thermal and chemical stimuli. First, we examined thermotaxis within the radial temperature gradient produced by a feedback-controlled thermoregulator. Separately, we examined chemotaxis toward sodium chloride or isoamyl alcohol. Then, assays for simultaneous presentations of 15°C (colder temperature than 20°C room temperature) and chemoattractant were performed with 15°C-cultivated wild-type worms. Unlike the sum of behavioral indices for each separate behavior, simultaneous presentation resulted in a biased migration to cold regions in the first 10 min of the assay, and sodium chloride-regions in the last 40 min. However, when sodium chloride was replaced with isoamyl alcohol in the simultaneous presentation, the behavioral index was very similar to the sum of separate single presentation indices. We then recorded tracks of single worms and analyzed their behavior. For behavior toward sodium chloride, frequencies of forward and backward movements in simultaneous presentation were significantly different from those in single presentation. Also, migration toward 15°C in simultaneous presentation was faster than that in 15°C-single presentation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that worms preferred temperature to chemoattractant at first, but preferred the chemoattractant sodium chloride thereafter. This preference was not seen for isoamyl alcohol presentation. We attribute this phase-dependent preference to the result of integration of thermosensory and chemosensory signals received by distinct sensory neurons.</p

Hydrophobic silica aerogel production at KEK

We present herein a characterization of a standard method used at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) to produce hydrophobic silica aerogels and expand this method to obtain a wide range of refractive index (n = 1.006-1.14). We describe in detail the entire production process and explain the methods used to measure the characteristic parameters of aerogels, namely the refractive index, transmittance, and density. We use a small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique to relate the transparency to the fine structure of aerogels.Comment: To be published in Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A, 9 pages, 10 figures, 1 tabl