The current state and problems regarding teacher training in Japan as seen from the point of view of fostering practical teaching performance

This study aimed to clarify the teacher education status and problems of Japan seen from the point of view of fostering practical teaching abilities based on the results of questionnaires and interviews targeting teachers of faculty members of training organizations that offer elementary school and Lower Secondary PE teacher education courses. The results of our questionnaire indicate that the following five points can be presented as future tasks for fostering practical teaching performance through practical training in Japan. The first challenge is extending the period of student teaching. The second challenge is establishing cooperation between student teaching schools and universities. The third challenge is to solidify an assessment system for student teaching. The fourth challenge is to nurture the instruction abilities of student teaching school teachers. The last challenge is to hire university teachers who are capable of giving student teachers appropriate instructions and advice

Corrugated flat band as an origin of large thermopower in hole doped PtSb2_2

The origin of the recently discovered large thermopower in hole-doped PtSb$_2$ is theoretically analyzed based on a model constructed from first principles band calculation. It is found that the valence band dispersion has an overall flatness combined with some local ups and downs, which gives small Fermi surfaces scattered over the entire Brillouin zone. The Seebeck coefficient is calculated using this model, which gives good agreement with the experiment. We conclude that the good thermoelectric property originates from this "corrugated flat band", where the coexistence of large Seebeck coefficient and large electric conductivity is generally expected.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

c-jun is differentially expressed in embryonic and adult neural precursor cells

c-jun, a major component of AP-1 transcription factor, has a wide variety of functions. In the embryonic brain, c-jun mRNA is abundantly expressed in germinal layers around the ventricles. Although the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain is a derivative of embryonic germinal layers and contains neural precursor cells (NPCs), the c-jun expression pattern is not clear. To study the function of c-jun in adult neurogenesis, we analyzed c-jun expression in the adult SVZ by immunohistochemistry and compared it with that of the embryonic brain. We found that almost all proliferating embryonic NPCs expressed c-jun, but the number of c-jun immunopositive cells among proliferating adult NPCs was about half. In addition, c-jun was hardly expressed in post-mitotic migrating neurons in the embryonic brain, but the majority of c-jun immunopositive cells were tangentially migrating neuroblasts heading toward the olfactory bulb in the adult brain. In addition, status epilepticus is known to enhance the transient proliferation of adult NPCs, but the c-jun expression pattern was not significantly affected. These expression patterns suggest that c-jun has a pivotal role in the proliferation of embryonic NPCs, but it has also other roles in adult neurogenesis

ECT受容体イメージング解析法のための精神神経症患モデル動物を用いた基礎実験

金沢大学学際科学実験センターECT(エミッション・コンピュータ断層)受容体イメージング解析法の確立のため,抗精神病薬投与動物を用いたインビトロ及びインビボ実験並びにRI標識化合物合成の基礎的研究を試み以下の結果を得た。1.抗精神病薬投与ラット(ハロペリドール,クロザピン投与)におけるインビトロ法(インビトロ受容体オートラジオグラフィ法)では,D1,D2,5-HT2のいずれの受容体でも抗精神病薬による受容体占有率の変化は認められなかった。2.一方,インビボ法(組織摘出法)では,著明な受容体占有率の変化が認められたのみならず,定型抗精神病薬(ハロペリドール)と非定型抗精神病薬(クロザピン,リスペリドン,RMI)により相違が認められた。すなわちD2受容体占有率は,定型抗精神病薬の方が高値を示したのに対し,D1,5HT2受容体占有率は非定型抗精神病薬の方が高値を示した。これらの結果は臨床的な治療効果(有効性及び副作用)とよく一致しており,インビボ法はより優れた抗精神病薬を開発する方法として優れていると考えられた。なお,速度論的解析は,受容体占有率による評価より多くの情報を提供すると共にECTイメージング解析に応用可能と考えられ,速度論的解析について現在検討中である。3.SPECT用Tc-99m標識薬剤の合成に必要な二官能性キレート剤としてのジアミノジチオール(DADT類)は,従来の方法では最終段階で苛酷な反応条件で還元するためDADT類自体を化学反応させてしまう場合があった。そこで合成法の改良を加え,化学的に不安定な官能基(エステル等)を有するDADT類の合成を行ない動物実験等で良好な結果を得た。以上よりインビボ系の動物実験はECT受容体定量的解析の基礎的研究に有用と考えられた。The effects of acute intravenous or chronic subcutaneous haloperidol (HPD) administration on the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) in 41 regions of the rat brain were studied by means of the quantative autoradiographic N-isopropyl-p- [125-I] iodoamphetamine technique. After acute HPD administrations, the LCBFs decreased in the anterior cingulate cortex, primary motor cortex and primary auditory cortex, and increased the n. habenula. ChronicHPD administration reduced LCBF in the substantia nigra, and increased LCBFs in the n.caudatus-putamen, n.accumbens and n.habenula. No change in LCBF was observed in any cortical region after chronic HPD administratin.An in vivo receptor binding techniques was applied to evaluate the affinities of and clozapine, risperidone, RMI-81582 and haloperidol for dopamine D1, D2, 5- HT2 receptors in the rat brain with [3-H] -SCH23390, [3-H] -YM-09151-2 and [3-H] -Ketanserine as selective ligands. Time course study of receptor occupancy at 25 to 250 min after i ntraperitoneal administrations with the drugs showed higher 5-HT2 occupancies in the frontal cortex and lower D2 occupancies in the striatum of clozapine, riperidone and RMI-81582 than those of haloperidol. The 5-HT2/D2 ratios of occupancy for clozapine, riperidone and RMI-81582 were 6-7 times higher than that for haloperidol. Stable occupancies of D1 were observed only with RMI-81582 and clozapine, the former maintaining the higher occupancy. These results are in agreement with the previous findings obtained under in vitro conditions and may account for some part of the properties of atypical antipsychotic drugs.A new ligand, an N-p-lodophenethl diaminodithiol (DADT-IPE), an analog of N- isopropl-p-iodoamphetamine (IMP), was synthesized and subsequently complexed with Tc-99m, using stannous chloride as a reducing agent. Two complexes (a and b) were separated from Tc-99m-DADT-IPE by high performance liquid chromatography. Biodistribution studies suggested that Tc-99m-DADT-IPE (a) has characteristics which are suitable for cerebral perfusion imaging.研究課題/領域番号:03670542, 研究期間(年度):1991-1992出典：研究課題「ECT受容体イメージング解析法のための精神神経症患モデル動物を用いた基礎実験」課題番号03670542（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-03670542/036705421992kenkyu_seika_hokoku_gaiyo/）を加工して作

放射性金属元素の生体内分布ならびに代謝に関する研究

金沢大学医学部研究課題/領域番号:56570397, 研究期間(年度):1981出典：「放射性金属元素の生体内分布ならびに代謝に関する研究」研究成果報告書　課題番号56570397（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-56570397/）を加工して作

神経移植の核医学的評価に関する基礎的研究

金沢大学学際科学実験センター学習障害モデルの1つとされる前脳基底核(NBM)破壊モデルラットにおいて迷走神経下神経節の移植を行い,脳血流およびアセチルコリン(ACh)系に関してオートラジオグラフィによる評価を行った.脳血流,mAChR分布,m1,m2mAChR-mRNA分布,膜トランスポータ分布及びシナプス小胞トランスポータ分布を1,2,4週間にわたって経時的に比較検討し以下の知見を得た.1.生体内脳血流分布ではNBM破壊モデル,移植モデルともに有意な変化は認められず,ACh系の画像診断に脳血流はほとんど影響しないことがわかった.2.QNB,m1およびm2mAChR-mRNAによるAChR関連の分布は,NBM破壊群の患側皮質においてm1mAChR-mRNAの増加傾向,m2mAChR-mRNAの減少傾向を示し,それぞれ神経除去性過敏および低下を反映し,また移植により改善傾向を示したが,患側/健側比はいずれも有意差を認めなかった。3.膜AChトランスポータ分布は,NBM破壊群で患側側の皮質において低下傾向を示したが,非特異的結合が高く良好な画像を得られないため,患側/健側比で有意差は認められなかった。4.シナプス小胞AChトランスポータにおいてNBM破壊群で患側側の皮質において有意な低下を認め(pIなどの放射性薬剤で標識し,エミッションコンピュータ断層撮影法を用いることによりADにおける神経移植あるいは薬物治療の評価への応用が期待される。Alzheimer\u27s disease is one of most troublesome problems encountered in the elderly population. One proposed hypothesis is that a deficit in cholinergic neurotransmission in Alzheimer\u27s disease underlies this serious symptom of the disease. Cholinergic denervation rat model by producing an unilateral lesion of nuleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) are reported to a model of cognitive deficits, one of instructive models of Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD). The neurotransplantation is now promising as an effective strategy for functional repair in a variety of neural systems in disorders such as Parkinson\u27s disease. In this study autotransplantation of vagal ganglion was performed to NBM lesioned rats. The effects of cholinergic grafts on cholinergic systems evaluated by autoradiographic images in duration of 1,2 and 4 weeks after surgery. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR), m1 and m2 subtype of AChR-mRNA images were obtained using 99mTc-hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO), [3H] quinuculidinal benzilate, 35S-labeled oligonucleotide probes by in situ hybridization respectively. Also acetylcholine transporter images were obtained using [3H] vesamicol and [3H] hemicholinium-3 (3H-HC-3). The autoradiograms were quantified by bio-imaging analyzer using imaging plate ; the regions of interesting (ROIs) were set in cortex of the affected side and unaffected side symmetrically, and the affected-side/unaffected-side ratios (AU ratio) were calculated from these mean photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) rates. In both NBM lesioned and autoransplanted rats, there were no remarkable changes of the AU ratio at CBF,mAChR,m1mAChR-mRNA and m2mAChR-mRNA images. On the other hand, the [3H] vesamicol images of the NBM lesioned rats showed significant reduction of the mean AU ratio at 1,2 and weeks after lesioning (P<0.01). Furthermore, the mean AU ratio in autotransplanted rats gradually increased and significantly improved 4 weeks after transplantation (p<0.05). There were no remarkable changes of the AU ratio at 3H-HC-3. Clinically emission computed tomography (ECT) with radiolabeled vesamicol may be a potential procedure for the assessment of neurotransplantation therapy on patients with AD.研究課題/領域番号:08671011, 研究期間(年度):1996-1997出典：研究課題「神経移植の核医学的評価に関する基礎的研究」課題番号08671011（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-08671011/086710111997kenkyu_seika_hokoku_gaiyo/）を加工して作

分子イメージングによる痴呆疾患の客観的診断・治療効果判定に関する基礎的研究

金沢大学学際科学実験センター片側性パーキンソンモデルラットを一側の線条体に6-OHDAを注入して作成し、迷走神経下神経節移植の効果について検討した。迷走神経下神経節移植は神経毒を注入してから2週後に行い、ドーパミンD_1、D_2レセプター及びドーパミントランスポータをそれぞれ[^3H]SCH23390、[^3H]YM-09151-2、[^3H]GBR12935を用いたインビトロオートラジオグラフィ法にて評価した。非特異的結合は[+]-ブタクラモールあるいは大量のGBR12935を用いて測定し、6-OHDA注入側と対側線条体の放射能比を指標とした。その結果、パーキンソンモデルラットにてドーパミントランスポータの著明な減少を認めた。移植ラットにてドーパミントランスポータとD_1レセプターは変化を認めなかったのに対し、D_2レセプターの有意な上昇を認めた。これらの結果より、迷走神経下神経節移植はドーパミントランスポータの改善には効果がないのに対し、6-OHDA注入側線条体のD_2レセプターのアップレギュレーションを誘導することが示された。痴呆疾患の分子イメージング剤としてシナプス小胞膜アセチルコリントランスポーターに注目し、ラット脳を用いた薬物阻害実験にて3種のヨードベサミコール類似物質の光学異性体((-)oIV,(-)mIV,(-)vesamicol,(+)oIV,(+)raIV,(+)vesamicol)についてベサミコールトランスポーターとシグマ(α1,α2)レセプターの結合の程度を比較した。その結果,(-)[^I]-oIVは以前に報告した(-)-mIVよりもベサミコールトランスポーターに選択的に結合するのみならず、シグマレセプターとの結合が弱いため、PETあるいはSPECTによるアセチルコリントランスポーターのイメージング剤として有望であることが示された。さらに,このイメージング剤の改良とともに,他のアセチルコリン神経系の分子イメージング薬剤の合成について検討中である。Parkinsonian rats were stereotaxically infused 6-OHDA into the unilateral mesostriatal dopamine pathway and measured apomorphine-induced rotational behavior. Controls were infused saline instead of neurotoxin. Animals were divided into transplantation(TP) and sham-operated(S) groups. Ipsilateral vagal nodosal ganglion was surgically removed horn die neck and stereotaxically transplanted as nerve fragments into the ipsilateral striatum 2 weeks after nerotoxin infusion Sequential brain sections underwent autoradiography of dopaminergic system 2 weeks after operation. Densities of dopamine D1,D2 receptors and dopamine transporter(DAT) were assessed by in-vitro autoradiography using[^3H]SCH23390,[^3H]YM-09151-2 and[^3H]GBR12935. Significant DAT decrease in striatum was shown in the model animals compared with controls(P1] oIV exhibited significant accumulationin rat brain. The regional brain distribution of radioactivity was similar for both (-)-[^1] oIV and [^3H]vesamicol. The accumulation of (-)-[^1] oIV in the brain was significant reduced by post-administration of unlabeled vesamicol(0.5μmol/kg^) and(-)-[^1] oIV μmol/kg-1] in the other hand, the post-administration of sigma ligands hardy affected the accumulation of (-)-[^1] oIV in die brain. These studies showed that (-)-[^1] oIV, as well as [^3H]vesamicol, bound to VAChT with high affinity in die rat brain. Funhemore, (-)-[^1] oIV binding in the ipsilateral cortex to the lesion was significantly reduced by 17.0%, compared with that in the contralateral cortex in a unilateral NBM-lesioned rat. These results suggested that radioiodimted(-)-[^1] oIV may potentially be useful for the diagnosis of cholinergic neurodegenerative disorders.研究課題/領域番号:13670925, 研究期間(年度):2001-2003出典：研究課題「分子イメージングによる痴呆疾患の客観的診断・治療効果判定に関する基礎的研究」課題番号13670925（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13670925/136709252003kenkyu_seika_hokoku_gaiyo/）を加工して作