174 research outputs found
Activation of intact bacteria and bacterial fragments mixed with agar as cloud droplets and ice crystals in cloud chamber experiments
Biological particles, including bacteria and bacterial fragments, have been
of much interest due to the special ability of some to nucleate ice at
modestly supercooled temperatures. This paper presents results from a recent
study conducted on two strains of cultivated bacteria which suggest that
bacterial fragments mixed with agar, and not whole bacterial cells, serve as
cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Due to the absence of whole bacteria cells
in droplets, they are unable to serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs) in
the immersion mode under the experimental conditions. Experiments were
conducted at the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA)
cloud chamber at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) by injecting
bacteria-containing aerosol samples into the cloud chamber and inducing cloud
formation by expansion over a temperature range of −5 to −12 ∘C.
Cloud droplets and ice crystals were sampled through a pumped counterflow
virtual impactor inlet (PCVI) and their residuals were characterized with a
single particle mass spectrometer (miniSPLAT). The size distribution of the
overall aerosol was bimodal, with a large particle mode composed of intact
bacteria and a mode of smaller particles composed of bacterial fragments
mixed with agar that were present in higher concentrations. Results from
three expansions with two bacterial strains indicate that the cloud droplet
residuals had virtually the same size distribution as the smaller particle
size mode and had mass spectra that closely matched those of bacterial
fragments mixed with agar. The characterization of ice residuals that were
sampled through an ice-selecting PCVI (IS-PCVI) also shows that the same
particles that activate to form cloud droplets, bacteria fragments mixed with
agar, were the only particle type observed in ice residuals. These results
indicate that the unavoidable presence of agar or other growth media in
all laboratory studies conducted on cultivated bacteria can greatly
affect the results and needs to be considered when interpreting CCN and IN
activation data.</p
Influence of surface morphology on the immersion mode ice nucleation efficiency of hematite articles
Abstract. In this paper, the effect of the morphological modification of aerosol particles with respect to heterogeneous ice nucleation is comprehensively investigated for laboratory-generated hematite particles as a model substrate for atmospheric dust particles. The surface area-scaled ice nucleation efficiencies of monodisperse cubic hematite particles and milled hematite particles were measured with a series of expansion cooling experiments using the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) cloud simulation chamber. Complementary off-line characterization of physico-chemical properties of both hematite subsets were also carried out with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and an electro-kinetic particle charge detector to further constrain droplet-freezing measurements of hematite particles. Additionally, an empirical parameterization derived from our laboratory measurements was implemented in the single-column version of the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5) to investigate the model sensitivity in simulated ice crystal number concentration on different ice nucleation efficiencies. From an experimental perspective, our results show that the immersion mode ice nucleation efficiency of milled hematite particles is almost an order of magnitude higher at −35.2 °C < T < −33.5 °C than that of the cubic hematite particles, indicating a substantial effect of morphological irregularities on immersion mode freezing. Our modeling results similarly show that the increased droplet-freezing rates of milled hematite particles lead to about one order magnitude higher ice crystal number in the upper troposphere than cubic hematite particles. Overall, our results suggest that the surface irregularities and associated active sites lead to greater ice activation through droplet-freezing.
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Droplet activation, separation, and compositional analysis: laboratory studies and atmospheric measurements
Droplets produced in a cloud condensation nuclei chamber (CCNC) as a function of supersaturation have been separated from unactivated aerosol particles using counterflow virtual impaction. Residual material after droplets were evaporated was chemically analyzed with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and the Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrument. Experiments were initially conducted to verify activation conditions for monodisperse ammonium sulfate particles and to determine the resulting droplet size distribution as a function of supersaturation. Based on the observed droplet size, the counterflow virtual impactor cut-size was set to differentiate droplets from unactivated interstitial particles. Validation experiments were then performed to verify that only droplets with sufficient size passed through the counterflow virtual impactor for subsequent analysis. A two-component external mixture of monodisperse particles was also exposed to a supersaturation which would activate one of the types (hygroscopic salts) but not the other (polystyrene latex spheres or adipic acid). The mass spectrum observed after separation indicated only the former, validating separation of droplets from unactivated particles. Results from ambient measurements using this technique and AMS analysis were inconclusive, showing little chemical differentiation between ambient aerosol and activated droplet residuals, largely due to low signal levels. When employing as single particle mass spectrometer for compositional analysis, however, we observed enhancement of sulfate in droplet residuals.Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (U.S.) (Aerosol Climate Initiative)Universitat Frankfurt am Mai
A comprehensive parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation of dust surrogate: laboratory study with hematite particles and its application to atmospheric models
A new heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterization that covers a wide temperature range (-36 to -78 °C) is presented. Developing and testing such an ice nucleation parameterization, which is constrained through identical experimental conditions, is important to accurately simulate the ice nucleation processes in cirrus clouds. The ice nucleation active surface-site density (ns) of hematite particles, used as a proxy for atmospheric dust particles, were derived from AIDA (Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) cloud chamber measurements under water subsaturated conditions. These conditions were achieved by continuously changing the temperature (T) and relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) in the chamber. Our measurements showed several different pathways to nucleate ice depending on T and RHice conditions. For instance, almost T-independent freezing was observed at -60 °C < T < -50 °C, where RHice explicitly controlled ice nucleation efficiency, while both T and RHice played roles in other two T regimes: -78 °C < T < -60 °C and -50 °C < T < -36 °C. More specifically, observations at T lower than -60 °C revealed that higher RHice was necessary to maintain a constant ns, whereas T may have played a significant role in ice nucleation at T higher than -50 °C. We implemented the new hematite-derived ns parameterization, which agrees well with previous AIDA measurements of desert dust, into two conceptual cloud models to investigate their sensitivity to the new parameterization in comparison to existing ice nucleation schemes for simulating cirrus cloud properties. Our results show that the new AIDA-based parameterization leads to an order of magnitude higher ice crystal concentrations and to an inhibition of homogeneous nucleation in lower-temperature regions. Our cloud simulation results suggest that atmospheric dust particles that form ice nuclei at lower temperatures, below -36 °C, can potentially have a stronger influence on cloud properties, such as cloud longevity and initiation, compared to previous parameterizations
High concentrations of coarse particles emitted from a cattle feeding operation
Housing roughly 10 million head of cattle in the United States alone, open air cattle feedlots represent a significant but poorly constrained source of atmospheric particles. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of physical and chemical properties of particles emitted from a large representative cattle feedlot in the Southwest United States. In the summer of 2008, measurements and samplings were conducted at the upwind and downwind edges of the facility. A series of far-field measurements and samplings was also conducted 3.5 km north of the facility. Two instruments, a GRIMM Sequential Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and a GRIMM Portable Aerosol Spectrometer (PAS), were used to measure particle size distributions over the range of 0.01 to 25 μm diameter. Raman microspectroscopy was used to determine the chemical composition of particles on a single particle basis. Volume size distributions of dust were dominated by coarse mode particles. Twenty-four hour averaged concentrations of PM<sub>10</sub> (particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less) were as high as 1200 μg m<sup>&minus;3</sup> during the campaign. The primary constituents of the particulate matter were carbonaceous materials, such as humic acid, water soluble organics, and less soluble fatty acids, including stearic acid and tristearin. A significant fraction of the organic particles was present in internal mixtures with salts. Basic characteristics such as size distribution and composition of agricultural aerosols were found to be different than the properties of those found in urban and semi-urban aerosols. Failing to account for such differences may lead to errors in estimates of aerosol effects on local air quality, visibility, and public health
Influence of surface morphology on the immersion mode ice nucleation efficiency of hematite particles
Hiranuma N, Hoffmann N, Kiselev A, et al. Influence of surface morphology on the immersion mode ice nucleation efficiency of hematite particles. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS. 2014;14(5):2315-2324.In this paper, the effect of the morphological modification of aerosol particles with respect to heterogeneous ice nucleation is comprehensively investigated for laboratorygenerated hematite particles as a model substrate for atmospheric dust particles. The surface-area-scaled ice nucleation efficiencies of monodisperse cubic hematite particles and milled hematite particles were measured with a series of expansion cooling experiments using the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) cloud simulation chamber. Complementary offline characterization of physico-chemical properties of both hematite subsets were also carried out with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and an electro-kinetic particle charge detector to further constrain droplet-freezing measurements of hematite particles. Additionally, an empirical parameterization derived from our laboratory measurements was implemented in the single-column version of the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5) to investigate the model sensitivity in simulated ice crystal number concentration on different ice nucleation efficiencies. From an experimental perspective, our results show that the immersion mode ice nucleation efficiency of milled hematite particles is almost an order of magnitude higher at -35.2 degrees C < T < -33.5 degrees C than that of the cubic hematite particles, indicating a substantial effect of morphological irregularities on immersion mode freezing. Our modeling results similarly show that the increased droplet- freezing rates of milled hematite particles lead to about one order magnitude higher ice crystal number in the upper troposphere than cubic hematite particles. Overall, our results suggest that the surface irregularities and associated active sites lead to greater ice activation through droplet freezing
MYOD-1 in normal colonic mucosa : role as a putative biomarker?
Background
DNA methylation of promoter-associated CpG islands of certain genes may play a role in the development of colorectal cancer. The MYOD-1 gene which is a muscle differentiation gene has been showed to be significantly methylated in colorectal cancer which, is an age related event. However the role of this gene in the colonic mucosa is not understood and whether methylation occurs in subjects without colon cancer. In this study, we have determined the frequency of methylation of the MYOD-1 gene in normal colonic mucosa and investigated to see if this is associated with established colorectal cancer risk factors primarily ageing.
Results
We analysed colonic mucosal biopsies in 218 normal individuals and demonstrated that in most individuals promoter hypermethylation was not quantified for MYOD-1. However, promoter hypermethylation increased significantly with age (p < 0.001 using regression analysis) and this was gender independent. We also showed that gene promoter methylation increased positively with an increase in waist to hip (WHR) ratio – the latter is also a known risk factor for colon cancer development.
Conclusions
Our study suggests that promoter gene hypermethylation of the MYOD-1 gene increases significantly with age in normal individuals and thus may offer potential as a putative biomarker for colorectal cancer
Application of the Hilbert-Huang transform for analyzing SASI induced gravitational waves in a core-collapse supernova
Through numerical simulations, it is predicted that the gravitational waves (GWs) reflect the characteristics of the core-collapse supernova (CCSN) explosion mechanism. There are multiple GW excitation processes that occur inside a star before its explosion, and it is suggested that the GWs originating from the CCSN have a mode for each excitation process in terms of time-frequency representation. Therefore, we propose an application of the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), which is a high-resolution time-frequency analysis method, to analyze these GW modes for theoretically probing and increasing our understanding of the explosion mechanism. The HHT defines frequency as a function of time, and is not bound by the trade-off between time and frequency resolutions. In this study, we analyze a gravitational waveform obtained from a three-dimensional general-relativistic CCSN model that showed a vigorous activity of the standing-accretion-shock-instability (SASI). We succeed in extracting the SASI induced GWs with high resolution on a time-frequency representation using the HHT and we examine their instantaneous frequencies
A comprehensive parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation of dust surrogate: laboratory study with hematite particles and its application to atmospheric models
Laboratory and field studies of ice-nucleating particles from open-lot livestock facilities in Texas
In this work, an abundance of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) from livestock
facilities was studied through laboratory measurements from cloud-simulation chamber experiments and field investigation in the Texas Panhandle. Surface
materials from two livestock facilities, one in the Texas Panhandle and
another from McGregor, Texas, were selected as dust proxies for laboratory
analyses. These two samples possessed different chemical and biological
properties. A combination of aerosol interaction and dynamics in the
atmosphere (AIDA) measurements and offline ice spectrometry was used to
assess the immersion freezing mode ice nucleation ability and efficiency of
these proxy samples at temperatures above −29 ∘C. A dynamic
filter processing chamber was also used to complement the freezing
efficiencies of submicron and supermicron particles collected from the AIDA
chamber. For the field survey, periodic ambient particle sampling took place
at four commercial livestock facilities from July 2017 to July 2019. INP
concentrations of collected particles were measured using an offline
freezing test system, and the data were acquired for temperatures between −5 and −25 ∘C.
Our AIDA laboratory results showed that the freezing spectra of two
livestock dust proxies exhibited higher freezing efficiency than previously
studied soil dust samples at temperatures below −25 ∘C. Despite
their differences in composition, the freezing efficiencies of both proxy
livestock dust samples were comparable to each other. Our dynamic filter
processing chamber results showed on average approximately 50 %
supermicron size dominance in the INPs of both dust proxies. Thus, our
laboratory findings suggest the importance of particle size in immersion
freezing for these samples and that the size might be a more important factor for immersion freezing of livestock dust than the composition. From a
3-year field survey, we measured a high concentration of ambient INPs of 1171.6 ± 691.6 L−1 (average ± standard error) at −25 ∘C for aerosol particles collected at the downwind edges of
livestock facilities. An obvious seasonal variation in INP concentration,
peaking in summer, was observed, with the maximum at the same temperature exceeding 10 000 L−1 on 23 July 2018. The observed high INP
concentrations suggest that a livestock facility is a substantial source of
INPs. The INP concentration values from our field survey showed a strong
correlation with measured particulate matter mass concentration, which
supports the importance of size in ice nucleation of particles from
livestock facilities.</p
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