Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) in Dray Land Area of Central Tigray, Ethiopia

The study was conducted in two drought infected  woredas of central zone of tigray, namly tanqua abergalle and qola tembien in 2015. The over all objective of the appraisal to identify the major couse of the drought and coping up strategies in study area .For this study we taking samples two from each woreda . The kebelle taking sample from tanqou abergelle and qola tembien are agbe, embarfael , dabano,and simret respectively. The study were critically identified  the major couse of the problems with their  solution

Developments in the Design and Construction of Modern Spate Systems in Tigray, Ethiopia

Spate irrigation is an ancient irrigation practice that involves the diversion of flashy spate floods running off from mountainous catchments. Spate irrigation system in Ethiopia is common practice in arid areas in the past decades. Raya valley is one of the areas where spate irrigation is being practiced for long times and many schemes were modernizing since 1998. Individual and group discussion with experts and farmers were held and frequent field visit and observation to both traditional and modernized spate irrigation schemes were undertaken. Hara spate irrigation scheme was the first scheme for modernization and it was followed by Tirke spate scheme.  In 2004, 2006 and 2011 many traditional spate schemes were modernizing by government and non-governmental organizations. The major improvement from the first schemes were changing of closed off take type in to open, enlargement of canal sizes, changing the diversion angle from 900 in to 1200 and avoid crossing structures. The community participation was not strong during design and construction. As farmers had their own experience in construction of traditional spate schemes they were not happy for the modernized schemes and had less ownership. Sedimentation in both diversion scheme and canals are the major problem and root causes for failures of modernized schemes. Spate irrigation modernization intervention works should be accomplished through real participation of farmers and initiate them to practically influence the planning, designing and construction processes so that successful modernized projects could be accomplished. Spate irrigation has different characteristics from conventional irrigation system, therefore this needs special attention during design. Especial design criteria should set spate scheme construction. Keywords: spate irrigation, design development, Raya valley, spate modernizatio

Demonstration of Improved Variety of Onion (Bombay Red) with Improved Production Technology at T/Abergelle, Tigray, Ethiopia

The demonstration was conducted at Abergelle Agricultural Research Centre at agbe irrigation scheme in 2015 cropping seasons. It was carried out at farmers’ land with one improved variety (bobay red) Vs local cultivar with uniform management practice were used to compare. The parameter recorded from this action are bulb yield (qt/ha) and maturity date. In this demonstration the highest yield was recoded from the improved variety bombay red (285.7ql/ha) but local with equal management practice gives low yield(228.6ql/ha) and in terms of maturity also bombay red has early  mature (121) days but local takes (135) days to mature. At this movement, farmers were taking knowledge about the variety and improved management practice. Just they saw the performance of these onion varieties in yield production and they understand that they can enhance their income through onion production. Bombay red was the best performing variety rather than local. Therefore, bombay red variety will be recommended to popularized to potential for onion and have the same agro ecology. Keywords: Onion variety, Yield and Maturity Dat

Demonstration of Improved Sesame Varieties (Sesamum indicum L.) with Improved Production Technologies on Small Scale Farms at Qola Tebmien and Tanqua Abergelle Destrict, Ethiopia

The demonstration was conducted in low land samre, nebar hanet, S/samre and Dabao, Q/Tembienagbe woreda. S/samre and Q/Tembienagbe woreda is found in the S/east and  central zone of Tigray regional state respectively.Ten interested farmers were selected from two location  in collaboration with extension workers. All demonstration plots was fertilized uniformly with 50 kg Urea and 100 kg Diammonium Phosphate (DAP). Full dose of P was applied at planting time and  half of N was applied at first weeding(7-14) days and the remaining half was side dressed at second weeding(30-35) days. All other cultural practices were applied as per standard recommendations for the crop. During farmers’ field assessment, farmers were evaluating the performance of the technology with researcher by comparing with local practice in terms of  management practices, days to maturity and yield. Accordingly, the average yield of humera-1 was 5.063 qt/ha than setit-1(4qt/ha) and  local 3.5qt/ha. Due to that humera-1 is more interested and accepted by farmers, so  this should be scaled out in to other similar agro-ecology of the area. Keywords: demonstration, improved technology of sesame and yiel

Effects of Integrated Soil Fertility Management on Sustainable Crop Production

Maintenance of soil fertility at the economically optimal level with appropriate   source of fertilizers combination is essential for sustainable crop production. Hence, different soil fertility amendment options have been done with different fertilizers sources. Application of biogas and NP fertilizer rate ware among the amendment practices considered for both sole and inter cropping system. Application of biogas slurry significantly increased mean grain yield of maize. Sole application of biogas slurry at higher rate improved soil structure, maintained and increased the nutrient  reserves of the soil .Grain yield of maize –haricot  been inter cropping system were significantly increased with application of each and integrated use of NP fertilizers and farm yard manure. Integrated application had a significant change in ameliorating soil fertility. Interaction of N-P and FYM fertilizers significantly increased grain yield components of the crops. Higher grain yields of maize and climbing been was obtained from sole cropping compared to inter cropping. Integrated use of N-P and farm yard manure fertilizers was offer sustainable production of maize climbing been inter cropping system. Higher mean grain yield of fababean and field pean were from none rhizobium strain treated compared to the treated one indicating presence effective strains in soils of the area both legumes produces for many years. Keywords: Biogas slurry, NP fertilizer, FYM

Assessment of Army Training: A Case Study of Awash Combat Technique Center Graduates

It is well known that training enhances skill, knowledge, ability, and competency and ultimately improve workers performance and productivity of an organization. To this end this research was aimed to assess the Awash combat technique center management and control practice. The study was particularly focused on the Awash combat technique center and gradates deployed. A cross section survey study was used and both primary and secondary data was collected using interview, questionnaire and document review. Stratified sampling technique was employed to identify respondents. From total population 120 officers and NCOs were selected from 3 targeted area; Awash combat technique center, Northern command and Central command operational unit. Content analysis techniques were used to analyze the data gathered from respondents. The main findings of the study showed that there is appreciable level of training practice in planning and selection of training with better preparation from the combat technique center side. However, the training program is overcrowded and has very flexible time space which hinders the operational plans. Sometimes the technique center was becoming idle being without trainees. To conclude the combat technique center has good ground with regard to management practice but still there are problems in the operation, control and monitoring mechanism of the cobat technique center

Global Variations of Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Derived from GPS Global Ionospheric Maps

This paper is aimed to investigate diurnal, monthly and seasonal variation of  ionospheric total electronic content (TEC) obtained from two GPS satellites IGS and COD and to inspect mean VTEC Correlation between the two satellites by the year  of 2008. TEC is defined by the integral of electron density in a 1 m2 column along  the signal transmission path. It is an important parameter to monitor possible space weather impacts. The processed and archived data taken from IGS and COD  satellites has been imported in to a MATLAB code which gave us the results of the  value of VTEC. Results of the two satellites revealed that, Out of the selected  equinox and solstice day’s maximum value of TEC is recorded on March 20/2008  over North and South west equator due to the maximum solar radiation reaching to  the ionosphere of the Earth. On the contrary, the Minimum peak ionospheric TEC  value is recorded on June 21/2008 over south Asia particularly Srilanka and  Bangladesh due to emission of low solar radiation. As regards to monthly variations  of ionospheric TEC, results of IGS and COD satellites show that highest mean TEC  value is recorded on March and July recorded the least peak TEC value. Results  regarding to seasonal variation also revealed that E-Season recorded maximum  TEC value and least TEC value is recorded on J-Season. The observations of the two satellites also show that the mean TEC value presents stronger solar activity sensitivity at lower-latitude bands than the middle and high latitudes. In general,  there was a very high correlation between Mean TEC value recorded by IGS and COD satellites by the year of 2008 in all low, middle and high latitudes.Keywords: IGS and COD satellites, GPS, Ionosphere, Low, middle and  high-latitudes, TEC

Assessment of Constraints and Opportunities of Small- Scale Irrigation Practices in South Tigray, Ethiopia

Improper irrigation management practices play a vital role in decreament of agricultural productivity. The findings of this paper were focused on technical performane assessment of small scale irrigation systems. The technical performance of the small scale irrigation schemes in relation to the water harvesting structures and delivery canals of all schemes were assessed technically in order to check whether they meet their objective and to distinguish their problems. Survey were undertaken to investigate the technical performance of the water harvesting structures and challenges on irrigation water utilization and management. Farmers, professional experts and other stakeholders were participated on the investigation of the technical performance of small scale irrigation schemes. Sedimentation, structural failure, untreated upper watershed, poor irrigation water management, lack of knowledge, lack of technical training, free grazing, lack of market access and transport problems are the bottlenack problems to the small scale irrigation schemes.  57.4 % of the small scale irrigation scheme beneficiaries are practicing both full and supplementary irrigation systems. The irrigation rounds per year are 24.6%, 55.7 % and 19.7% for three, tw and one times respectively. The irrigation intervals for cabbage, onion and maize are 12, 15 and 24 days respectively. Problems related to crop productions are shortage of technical training on irrigation water management, recurrent drought, free grazing, lack of market access, transport problems, flood hazard and disease and pest. These problems are getting beyond the beneficiaries capacity and they cannot able to maintain. Any concerned governmental and non-governmental body has to support the farmers by making maintenance and provision of neccessary trainings and accesses. Keywords: irrigation, irrigation structure, performance indicators schemes, water managemen

Mielialan havainnoinnin, tunnistamisen ja säätelyn yhteydet työuupumuksen ryhmähoidon tuloksellisuuteen

Työuupumus on kolmitahoinen stressioireyhtymä, jolle on tyypillistä uupumusasteinen väsymys, kyynistyneisyys ja ammatillisen itsetunnon heikkeneminen. Balanssi-hanke perustettiin tutkimaan ja kehittämään ryhmähoitomuotoa vakavaan työuupumukseen. Projektin tavoitteena on selvittää kahden eri ryhmähoitomuodon vaikuttavuutta ja sellaisia yksilöön liittyviä tekijöitä, joilla saattaa olla vaikutusta ryhmähoidon tuloksellisuuteen. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin mielialan havainnoinnin, tunnistamisen ja säätelyn (Trait Meta-Mood) yhteyksiä työuupumuksen laskuun ryhmähoitojen aikana ja kuuden kuukauden pituisella seurantajaksolla. Emootioilla on useiden eri teorioiden mukaan yksilön sopeutumista edistävä signaalitehtävä. Mieliala kertoo yksilön sisäisestä tilasta, ja sitä voidaan kuvata miellyttävänä, epämiellyttävänä, kiihtyneenä tai rauhallisena. Mielialaa voi tarkastella mielialakokemuksen tai mielialan säätelyn tasolla. Mielialan säätelyn tasolla tarkoitetaan ajatuksia mielialasta. Tällä reflektiivisellä tasolla mielialaa havainnoidaan, tunnistetaan ja säädellään. Oletettiin, että jos mieliala tunnistetaan hyvin ja mielialaa säädellään tehokkaasti, työuupumus vähenee eli työuupumuksen ryhmähoito on tuloksellista. Lisäksi tutkittiin missä vaiheessa mahdolliset yhteydet ilmenevät ja eroavatko yhteydet psykoanalyyttisessä ja toiminnallisessa hoitoryhmässä. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin 1999-2000. Koehenkilöt (n=99) olivat 31-59-vuotiaita valtion laitosten ja valtion yritysten työuupumuksesta kärsiviä työntekijöitä, miehiä oli 24 ja naisia 75. Lisäksi kerättiin ei-uupuneiden kontrolliryhmä (n = 26, ikä 37 - 58 vuotta), jota hyödynnettiin tässä tutkimuksessa vain uupuneiden ja ei-uupuneiden vertailuihin ennen hoidon alkua. Molempina vuosina uupuneet henkilöt satunnaistettiin toiminnallisiin ja psykoanalyyttisiin hoitoryhmiin. Työuupumus mitattiin 9 kuukautta kestäneen hoidon alussa, lopussa ja puoli vuotta hoidon päättymisen jälkeen. Mielialan havainnointi, tunnistaminen ja säätely mitattiin hoidon alussa, lopussa ja puoli vuotta hoidon päättymisen jälkeen. Tulokset osoittivat, että mielialan tunnistamisen korkea taso ja mielialan säätelyn korkea taso olivat yhteydessä työuupumuksen voimakkaampaan laskuun koko tutkimusjakson ajan. Yhteydet olivat erilaiset eri ryhmähoidoissa hoidon aikana ja seurantajaksolla. Hoidon aikana psykoanalyyttisessä hoitoryhmässä mielialan havainnoinnin lisääntyminen ja mielialan säätelyn tehokkuus olivat yhteydessä työuupumuksen voimakkaampaan laskuun. Toiminnallisessa hoitoryhmässä sen sijaan mielialan tunnistamisen taito oli yhteydessä työuupumuksen voimakkaampaan laskuun hoidon aikana. Seurantajaksolla molemmissa hoitoryhmissä mielialan tunnistamisen taito oli yhteydessä työuupumuksen voimakkaampaan laskuun. Kontrolliryhmässä ei todettu mielialan havainnoinnin, tunnistamisen ja säätelyn taitojen ja työuupumuksen vähenemisen välistä yhteyttä. Tutkimuksen tulokset antavat uutta tietoa sellaisista yksilöllisistä tekijöistä, joilla on työuupumuksen ryhmähoitoprosessia moderoiva rooli. Mielialan hyvin tunnistaminen ja mielialan tehokas säätely saattavat olla sellaisia ryhmäterapiassa opittuja yksilöllisiä voimavaroja, joita työuupumuksesta toipumisessa tarvitaan hoidon päättymisen jälkeen. Koska mielialan hyvin tunnistamisen, mielialan tehokkaan säätelyn ja työuupumuksen ryhmähoidon tuloksellisuuden väliset yhteydet todettiin molemmissa ryhmähoitomenetelmissä, voi olettaa, että molemmat ryhmähoitomenetelmät ovat vakavaa työuupumusta vähentäviä hoitomenetelmiä. Ryhmähoidon aikana opitut mielialan tunnistamisen ja säätelyn taidot auttavat ylläpitämään terapian aikana alkanutta hyvinvoinnin kasvua