Richmond Iron: Tredegar\u27s Role in Southern Industry During the Civil War and Reconstruction

The American South contained few iron industries in the decades before the Civil War. Not until the Civil War did southern states produce significant quantities of vital industrial products, such as iron. Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia, was a rare exception. Under the ownership of Joseph R. Anderson, the company established a national reputation for quality products. Prior to the war, Tredegar did business with northerners and with the Federal government. During the war, Tredegar became one of the main weapons suppliers to the Confederate military. Since this iron company physically and economically survived the war, Anderson regained many of his antebellum contracts. A few new iron industries appeared throughout the South during Reconstruction, but they lacked the capital resources necessary for immediate success – capital that Anderson had less trouble acquiring. Although Tredegar ultimately failed to make the transition to steel, the company represented a route to industrialization not experienced in other southern states, making Tredegar\u27s experience, and thus Richmond\u27s experience, unique from other southern companies and cities

Dividing the Preplate: Characterization of Neuronal Subpopulations in the Early Murine Cerebral Cortex

The preplate is a transient layer of the developing cerebral cortex which is comprised of the earliest generated cortical neurons. Preplate neurons are a heterogenous population of future Cajal-Retzius neurons and future subplate neurons, which are derived from multiple sources of progenitors. During the formation of the cortical layers, the preplate is split into an upper marginal zone and the lower subplate layer by the radial migration of projection neurons from the cortical ventricular zone. Cajal-Retzius and subplate neurons have important developmental functions in regulating radial migration and in pioneering corticofugal projections. The genetic mechanisms of preplate neuron specification are not well understood, and few markers exist to identify subpopulations of the preplate. The aim of this thesis is to functionally and molecularly characterize neuronal subpopulations of the mouse preplate. Using transgenic mice expressing EGFP in distinct preplate subpopulations, I applied birthdating analyses and live imaging to describe the proliferative and migratory characteristics of subpopulations of Cajal-Retzius and subplate neurons. Purified subpopulations were used in a gene expression array analysis to define mRNAs differentially expressed between subpopulations. New markers for a subpopulation of Cajal-Retzius neurons were identified, as well as novel markers for future subplate neurons, which will be of use in the study of these cells. These data may yield insight into genetic and cellular mechanisms of preplate differentiation and development, and identify novel genes with potential roles in preplate neuron functions

Traders and Troublemakers: Sovereignty in Southern Morocco at the End of the 19th Century

This thesis explores changes in and challenges to Moroccan political authority in the region of the Sous during the late nineteenth century. It attempts to show how the phenomenon of British informal empire created a crisis over Moroccan sovereignty that caused the sultan to both materially and discursively change the way he wielded power in southern Morocco. It further connects these changes and the narrative contestation that accompanied them to the construction of the Bilad al-Siba/Bilad al-Makhzan dichotomy found in Western academic literature on Morocco starting in the colonial period. It begins with an examination of letters between Sultan Hassan I and local leaders in the Sous that show a shift toward a more bureaucratic form of governance in response to repeated openings of black-market ports by British trading companies. It then investigates the textual debate over the framing of Hassan I’s military expeditions to southern Morocco in the 1880s and 90s by drawing on a collection of European travel accounts, American consular reports, and a royal Moroccan history. Finally, it ties the illegal trade in the Sous to the broader theory of informal empire through a close examination of the Tourmaline Incident of 1897, using documents from the British Foreign Office as well as published accounts by crew members aboard the Tourmaline, itself

Faunal Analysis of the Tongue River Bison Kill Site (24RB2135) in Southeastern Montana

The University of Montana excavated the Tongue River bison kill site (24RB2135) in 2005 on the Northern Cheyenne Reservation. This was the site of a prehistoric bison hunt. Over 20,000 bone fragments and over 1,000 stone tools were recovered during the excavation. This study focuses on the bone material in order to understand past hunting practices at this site. In order to complete the analyses required to understand the faunal material, specific data was gathered for each bone element. These data points include: the taxon, skeletal element, side, body orientation, portion, color, size, weathering, age, and any natural or cultural modifications. Qualitative observations such as carnivore activity, rodent gnawing, root damage, and beetle drilling, measured natural modifications. Cultural qualitative characteristics include cut marks and excavation damage. Calculations including, bone density, bone utility, butchering practices, and age of the bison, were used to determine the cultural significance of the bones. The bone bed was not created by environmental factors, but more likely created by human actions. Exposure to the elements, fire, carnivore activity, and rodent damage were minimal. The site was the initial kill site and hunters removed highly nutritious parts for processing. The Tongue River site contains bison from many age classes including at least one fetus. Such an age range indicates that the site was used more than once. There are two different events within the bone bed: one to the east and one to the west. One of the hunts took place on a cow-calf herd during the winter or early spring

A Thirty Year\u27s Phenological Record of the Spring Flowering Plants of Henry County

Each spring since 1915 a record has been kept of the date of appearance of the first fully opened flowers of our seed bearing plants found in Henry County. The spring of 1944 completed the thirtieth year of this record. The record is the result of a Spring Flower Contest among the students of the botany classes at Iowa Wesleyan College. The competition is usually keen, (Jaques, 1931), so although we are not insured that the very first plant in bloom was recorded, we do have one of the earliest. These plants are not considered in bloom until pollen is found on the anthers. The plants included in this thirty year record are both the native and cultivated plants that live out of doors throughout the winter, or are raised from seed in open ground out of doors. Errors in identification are cut to the minimum since all flowers listed have been brought into the laboratory where their identification by the student may be checked again by an instructor. The largest list of flowers reported up to May 28 was in 1934 when 517 different plants were listed. The average year runs around 350 species

Increasing the resilience of plant immunity to a warming climate

Extreme weather conditions associated with climate change affect many aspects of plant and animal life, including the response to infectious diseases. Production of salicylic acid (SA), a central plant defence hormone, is particularly vulnerable to suppression by short periods of hot weather above the normal plant growth temperature range via an unknown mechanism. Here we show that suppression of SA production in Arabidopsis thaliana at 28 °C is independent of PHYTOCHROME B (phyB) and EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), which regulate thermo-responsive plant growth and development. Instead, we found that formation of GUANYLATE BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 3 (GBPL3) defence-activated biomolecular condensates (GDACs) was reduced at the higher growth temperature. The altered GDAC formation in vivo is linked to impaired recruitment of GBPL3 and SA-associated Mediator subunits to the promoters of CBP60g and SARD1, which encode master immune transcription factors. Unlike many other SA signalling components, including the SA receptor and biosynthetic genes, optimized CBP60g expression was sufficient to broadly restore SA production, basal immunity and effector-triggered immunity at the elevated growth temperature without significant growth trade-offs. CBP60g family transcription factors are widely conserved in plants. These results have implications for safeguarding the plant immune system as well as understanding the concept of the plant–pathogen–environment disease triangle and the emergence of new disease epidemics in a warming climate

Gene Expression Profiling of Preplate Neurons Destined for the Subplate: Genes Involved in Transcription, Axon Extension, Neurotransmitter Regulation, Steroid Hormone Signaling, and Neuronal Survival

During mammalian corticogenesis a series of transient cell layers establish laminar architectonics. The preplate, which forms from the earliest-generated neurons, separates into the marginal zone and subplate layer. To provide a systematic screen for genes involved in subplate development and function, we screened lines of transgenic mice, generated using bacterial artificial chromosome methodology (GENSAT Project), to identify transgenic lines of mice that express the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter in preplate neurons destined for the subplate. Gene expression profiling of RNA purified from EGFP-positive neurons identified over 200 genes with enriched expression in future subplate neurons. Major classes of subplate-enriched genes included genes involved in transcriptional processes, cortical development, cell and axon motility, protein trafficking and steroid hormone signaling. Additionally, we identified 10 genes related to degenerative diseases of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Cre recombinase–based fate mapping of cells expressing Phosphodiesterase 1c (Pde1c) revealed beta-galactosidase positive cells in the ventricular zone, as well as the subplate, suggesting that subplate neurons and cortical projection neurons may be derived from common progenitors. These experiments therefore reveal genetic markers, which identify subplate neurons from the earliest stages of their development, and genes with enriched expression in subplate neurons during early stages of corticogenesis

Map Showing Location of Springs and Physiographic Provinces and their Divisions in Maryland

This digital image was produced in the Summer of 2012 by the Maryland State Archives (MSA) from the original map held by the Maryland Geological Survey (MGS). We are indebted to the staff of the MGS and MSA for helping us make this these images available.This map is Figure 5 from Otton. E.G., and Hilleary, J.T., “Maryland Strings – their Pphysical, Thermal and Chemical Characteristics”. Baltimore: Maryland Geological Survey, 1985 (Report of Investigations No. 42)

The tangent search method of constrained minimization

NAhttp://archive.org/details/tangentsearchmet00hil