Extensive livestock systems and biodiversity: the case of Islay

The relationship between extensive livestock systems and biodiversity has been examined in a case study on the Island of Islay (UK). As an introduction literature and relevant policy regulations have been reviewed. Farmers have been interviewed on agricultural, ecological and socio-economic aspects of extensive livestock farming. Requirements of typical bird species have been matched with land-use, farming practices and consequent habitat diversity. Variation within and between fields appears to be an important condition for typical bird species. Vegetation has been described by means of quadrate sampling in five different grazing situations. Occurrence of typical species of wet acid grass- and moorland appears to be linked to grazing with low livestock density. Analysis results show that such typical species may be lost due to either intensification or abandonment of grazing on rough grazing fields. Recent agricultural policy measures appear to have been effective in impeding the increase of livestock numbers of the last ten years. Both rural development and environmental policy have become very important in terms of the income they provide for farmers. Recent and future changes in the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) and LFASS (Less Favoured Area Support Scheme), however, yet seem to favour intensive farms over extensive ones

Harnessing Big Data to Support the Conservation and Rehabilitation of Mangrove Forests Globally

Mangrove forests are found on sheltered coastlines in tropical, subtropical, and some warm temperate regions. These forests support unique biodiversity and provide a range of benefits to coastal communities, but as a result of large-scale conversion for aquaculture, agriculture, and urbanization, mangroves are considered increasingly threatened ecosystems. Scientific advances have led to accurate and comprehensive global datasets on mangrove extent, structure, and condition, and these can support evaluation of ecosystem services and stimulate greater conservation and rehabilitation efforts. To increase the utility and uptake of these products, in this Perspective we provide an overview of these recent and forthcoming global datasets and explore the challenges of translating these new analyses into policy action and on the ground conservation. We describe a new platform for visualizing and disseminating these datasets to the global science community, non-governmental organizations, government officials, and rehabilitation practitioners and highlight future directions and collaborations to increase the uptake and impact of largescale mangrove research

The use of Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring

The use of Earth Observation (EO) provides Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands with new approaches to ensure the wise use and conservation of wetlands at the national and global levels. EO has many applications including the inventory, assessment and monitoring of wetlands. As technology advances, previous limitations of EO will be reduced, and it is anticipated that the use of EO in the management of wetlands will increase. This Ramsar Technical Report aims to provide practitioners with an overview and illustration, through case studies, on the use of EO for implementation of the Convention and the wise use of wetlands more broadly

coastTrain: A Global Reference Library for Coastal Ecosystems

Estimating the distribution, extent and change of coastal ecosystems is essential for monitoring global change. However, spatial models developed to estimate the distribution of land cover types require accurate and up-to-date reference data to support model development, model training and data validations. Owing to the labor-intensive tasks required to develop reference datasets, often requiring intensive campaigns of image interpretation and/or field work, the availability of sufficiently large quality and well distributed reference datasets has emerged as a major bottleneck hindering advances in the field of continental to global-scale ecosystem mapping. To enhance our ability to model coastal ecosystem distributions globally, we developed a global reference dataset of 193,105 occurrence records of seven coastal ecosystem types—muddy shorelines, mangroves, coral reefs, coastal saltmarshes, seagrass meadows, rocky shoreline, and kelp forests—suitable for supporting current and next-generation remote sensing classification models. coastTrain version 1.0 contains curated occurrence records collected by several global mapping initiatives, including the Allen Coral Atlas, Global Tidal Flats, Global Mangrove Watch and Global Tidal Wetlands Change. To facilitate use and support consistency across studies, coastTrain has been harmonized to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Global Ecosystem Typology. coastTrain is an ongoing collaborative initiative designed to support sharing of reference data for coastal ecosystems, and is expected to support novel global mapping initiatives, promote validations of independently developed data products and to enable improved monitoring of rapidly changing coastal environments worldwide.</jats:p

Setting priorities for climate change adaptation of Critical Sites in the Africa-Eurasian waterbird flyways.

Despite their importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, wetlands are among the most threatened ecosystems globally. The conservation of many migratory waterbirds depends on the conservation of a network of key sites along their flyways. However, the suitability of these sites is changing under climate change, and it is important that management of individual sites in the network adapts to these changes. Using bioclimatic models that also account for changes in inundation, we found that projected climate change will reduce habitat suitability for waterbirds at 57.5% of existing Critical Sites within Africa-Eurasia, varying from 20.1% in Eastern Europe to 87.0% in Africa. African and Middle East sites are particularly threatened, comprising 71 of the 100 most vulnerable sites. By highlighting priority sites for conservation and classifying Critical Sites into Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (CCAS) classes, our results can be used to support the climate change adaptation of both individual sites and the entire site network

Mapping critical habitat of waterbirds in the Arctic for risk management in respect of IFC PS6

Economic development and energy exploration are increasing in the Arctic. Important breeding habitats for many waterbird species, which have previously been relatively undisturbed, are now being subjected to these anthropogenic pressures. The conservation of the habitats and the species they support is a significant challenge for sustainable development. Even if governments and corporates operating in this fragile environment are committed to sustainable development, there is little information available to avoid, mitigate and manage environmental risk and impacts. Taking a risk management perspective, we followed the International Finance Corporations (IFC) Performance Standard 6 (PS6) criteria on Environmental and Social Sustainability and developed an approach to identify "critical habitat", as defined in IFC PS6, for waterbird species breeding in the Arctic. While the range of these waterbirds is roughly known, more accuracy is needed for proper risk assessment. We have therefore gone a step further by modelling suitable habitat within these ranges. Depending on the relevance of the species for IFC PS6 and the level of certainty we separated the classes likely and potential critical habitat. We tested the approach for Russian breeding populations of five Anatidae species (White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons, Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus, Brent Goose Branta bernicla, Redbreasted Goose Branta ruficollis and Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus bewicki). Likely critical habitats were identified through a review of literature and available data for these waterbird species and multi-species congregations. To address the information gap for most of the Russian Arctic a species distribution modelling approach was used. The outputs of this approach were labelled as potential critical habitat, indicating the lower level of certainty than likely critical habitat. Based on existing information the amount of likely critical habitat is estimated to be at least x,xxx,xxx km2. For the five Anatidae species, X,XXX,XXX km2 potential critical habitat was identified; 95% of these areas were outside of the area boundaries of likely critical habitat for the species. Insufficient data in the east of the study area did affect the results, as some areas known to support breeding populations were not identified as suitable. Conversely, species' distributions may be overpredicted in other areas; It should also be recognized that the analyzed species currently have depressed populations and may therefore only utilize a proportion of suitable habitat available. For risk assessment purposes however, it is better to predict false positives, rather than false negatives. The study indicates that there are large areas in the Arctic that are potentially important for each of the Anatidae species modelled, but are not yet recognised as key important areas. The results confirm that there is still much to learn about waterbird distribution and abundance in the Russian Arctic. Synthesis and applications: The critical habitat maps produced do not just provide a new source of information for the economic development sector, but provide it in a way that is relevant to the sector and directly applicable. The maps are useful for initial risk assessments of potential developments, to identify likely impacts and to consider mitigation options, in accordance with IFC PS6. Risk assessors should exercise caution and detailed surveys for any development in areas predicted to be suitable for each species should be carried out

Climate change exposure of waterbird species in the African-Eurasian flyways

Climate change presents a particularly complex challenge in the context of flyway-scale conservation of migratory bird species as it requires coordinated actions of several countries along their migratory routes. Coordinating conservation responses requires understanding the vulnerability of species and their habitats to climate change at the flyway scale throughout each species’ annual cycle. To contribute to such understanding, we used species distribution models to assess the exposure to climate change of waterbird species that are the focus of the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA). The species with the smallest proportion of their current range projected to be climatically suitable by 2050 are dispersive species in the Afrotropical biogeographic realm (i.e. those whose distributions respond to changes in water availability but that do not perform synchronised migration), and migratory species in their breeding season, particularly Arctic breeding waders. These species also have the most limited availability of newly suitable areas. Projections for most other Palearctic migratory waterbird species suggest that losses of suitable areas in their current passage and wintering ranges may be largely offset by new areas becoming climatically suitable. The majority of migratory Palearctic waterbirds in the breeding season and Afrotropical waterbirds are widely dispersed with only a small proportion of their populations currently supported by Critical Sites (i.e. sites that are either important for Globally Threatened Species or support 1% of the bioregional population of a Least Concern species). This makes it unlikely that climate change adaptation measures focusing only on key sites will be sufficient to counter the predicted range losses. Therefore, climate change adaptation measures should be implemented also at the landscape scale for Afrotropical waterbirds and for breeding populations of Palearctic migrant waterbirds