STRATEGIC PRICING PRACTICES: RYANAIR EXAMPLE

This paper aims to evaluate the profitability of Ryanair, a leading low-cost carrier in the European airline industry, while analyzing its value-based strategic pricing approaches. Ryanair, a “no-frills” airline company that was established in Ireland in 1984, still operates as one of the most important market players in Europe. Ryanair’s “lowest fare/lowest cost” model attracted a high number of customers in years. However, Ryanair’s success to achieve the profitability goal lays beneath linking price with value, by charging passengers in accordance with the value they receive. Besides, unbundling the passenger air travel elements and charging those separately increased Ryanair’s profits tremendously and the company gained a substantial market share. So, the success of Ryanair in the highly competitive airline industry is correlated with the effective implementation and control of value-based strategic pricing. Thus, Ryanair’s strategic pricing attempts that boosted the profits and expanded its market share would be dealt through the paper. Ryanair’s value communication with the customers will be explained. A brief comparison with Ryanair’s competitors will be provided and the profitability in the low-cost airline industry would be discussed in light of recent data

Efficacy of tramadol as a preincisional infiltration anesthetic in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair: A prospective randomized study

Background: Preincisional local anesthetic infiltration at the surgical site is a therapeutic option for postoperative pain relief for pediatric inguinal hernia. Additionally, tramadol has been used as an analgesic for postoperative pain in children. Recently, the local anesthetic effects of tramadol have been reported. The aim of this study was to determine both the systemic analgesic and the local anesthetic effects of tramadol and to determine how it differs from bupivacaine when administered preincisionally. Methods: Fifty-two healthy children, aged 2–7 years, who were scheduled for elective herniorrhaphy were randomly allocated to receive either preincisional infiltration at the surgical site with 2 mg/kg tramadol (Group T, n=26) or 0.25 mL/kg 0.5% bupivacaine (Group B, n=26). At the time of anesthetic administration, perioperative hemodynamic parameters were recorded. The pain assessments were performed 10 minutes after the end of anesthesia and during the first 6-hour period, using pain scores. The time of first dose of analgesia and need for additional analgesia were recorded. Results: Between T and B groups, the anesthesia time, perioperative hemodynamic changes, and pain scores were not statistically different. However, in group B, the postoperative analgesic requirement was higher than in group T. Conclusion: Tramadol shows equal analgesic effect to bupivacaine and decreases additional analgesic requirement, when used for preincisional infiltration anesthesia in children undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy. © 2014 Numanoğlu et al

Çocuklarda sevofluran ve propofol ile anestezi indüksiyonu: QT ve QTc süresi üzerine etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Çalışmamızda, çocuklarda sevofluran ve propofol kullanılarak uygulanan anestezi indüksiyonunun QT ve düzeltilmiş QT (QTc) süreleri üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Prospektif çalışmamıza toplam 40 çocuk alındı. Anestezi indüksiyonu öncesi kontrol elektrokardiyografi (EKG) kayıtları alındı. Sevofluran grubunda (Grup S), anestezi indüksiyonu sevofluran kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Propofol grubunda (Grup P), anestezi indüksiyonunda propofol kullanıldı. Tüm hastaların indüksiyonun birinci ve üçüncü dk.’sında, kas gevşetici ajanın verilmesi ardından 3 dk. sonra ve entübasyonun ardından 5 dk. sonra EKG kayıtları alındı. Tüm EKG kayıtlarında QT süresi ölçüldü. Olgulara ait EKG kayıtlarında QTc süresi Bazett formülü ile belirlendi. Bulgular: Gruplara alınan olguların kontrol EKG kayıtlarında QT ve QTc süreleri açısından anlamlı farklılık bulunmamaktaydı. Grup S’de, indüksiyonun 3 dk. ardından, kas gevşetici ajanın verilmesinin 3 dk. ardından ve entübasyonun 5 dk. ardından yapılan EKG kayıtlarında hesaplanan QTc süreleri Grup P’den anlamlı olarak uzundu (p<0.05). Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, sevofluranla anestezi indüksiyonu uygulanan çocuklarda QTc sürelerinin propofol ile yapılan indüksiyona göre anlamlı olarak uzadığını belirledik. Operasyon öncesi dönemde QTc süreleri uzamış bulunan çocuklarda propofolün anestezi indüksiyonunda seçilebileceğini düşünmekteyiz.Aim: The present study aims to compare the effects of anesthesia induction in children with sevoflurane and propofol on QT and corrected QT (QTc) interval durations. Material and Method: A total of 40 paediatric patients were included in this prospective study. Control electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded before induction. In the sevoflurane group (Group S), anaesthesia was induced by sevoflurane. In the propofol group (Group P), induction was performed using propofol. In all patients, ECGs were obtained at the first and third minutes of induction, 3 minutes after administration of muscle relaxant and 5 minutes after initiation of intubation. QT durations were measured directly from ECG records, while QTc intervals were estimated using Bazett formula. Results: There was no significant difference in QT and QTc duration of control ECG records in groups S and P. In Group S, QTc estimates obtained 3 minutes after induction, 3 minutes after administration of the muscle relaxant and 5 minutes after the intubation were significantly longer than those of Group P (p<0.05). Conclusion: In our study, we found that QTc durations were significantly prolonged in the paediatric patients that received anaesthesia induction with sevoflurane rather than propofol. We conclude that propofol could be first preference for the induction of paediatric patients with a predisposition to preoperative arrhythmia and those with prolonged QTc durations

The effects of fatigue, gross motor function, and gender on participation in life situations of school-aged children with cerebral palsy: A parental perspective

© 2022 French Society of PediatricsObjective: To investigate the effects of fatigue, gross motor function, and gender on participation in life situations of school-aged children with cerebral palsy (CP) from a parental perspective. Methods: The study included 209 children with CP aged between 5 and 13 years (mean age, 8.06 ± 2.41 years; girls, 45.5%) and their parents. Fatigue, gross motor function, and participation status were evaluated with the Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL), Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and the Assessment of Life Habits (Life-H) questionnaire, respectively. The effects of fatigue, gross motor function, and gender on participation were investigated with linear regression analysis. Results: According to parental reports, 79.9% of the children had fatigue. Children in all GMFCS levels experienced fatigue. Fatigue and GMFCS levels were dependent variables, and therefore only simple linear regression analyses were performed. Fatigue explained 38–43% of the variances in daily activities, social roles, and total Life-H scores, while gross motor function explained 48–65% of the variances in scores (p 0.05). Conclusion: More than two thirds of the school-aged children with CP had fatigue. Fatigue and poor gross motor function had a negative effect on participation in daily activities and social roles