Preliminary inflow and infiltration study of sewerage systems from two residential areas in Kuantan, Pahang / Hiew Thong Yap

Sewerage system is the sole infrastructure which conveys sewage to sewerage treatment plants. The usage of a sewerage system should be optimized at the design stage to enhance environmental protection and human health. Wastewaters flows are produced from domestic sewage whereas inflow and infiltration come from surface runoff and groundwater. The purpose of this study is to identify inflow and infiltration in sewerage systems around Kuantan. This study was conducted in residential catchments at Taman Lepar Hilir Saujana and Bandar Putra with population equivalent of 1253 and 1694, respectively. ISCO 674 Rain Gauge was used to measure rainfall intensity. ISCO 2150 and 4250 Area Velocity Flowmeters were collected wastewater flowrate data which measured at 5-minute intervals and analyzed separately for wet and dry period. Infiltration rate was obtained by comparing the upstream flow and downstream flow from the two selected manholes. Based on the result, the average infiltration rate of Qpeak and Qave was 13.7% and 21.2% higher than the 5% and 10% stated in Hammer and Hammer. Inflow and infiltration is a concern and more comprehensive studies are needed to initiate the review of a revised infiltration rate that is more relevant to the future climate

Analysis of flow characteristics in sewerage systems

The resolution of flow characteristics is imperative to all sewerage systems. Design of sewerage system is related to the analysis of flow characteristics. Sewerage system should be designed based on the most critical flow rate. Sewerage system design may become inappropriate if the analysis of flow characteristics is not done. The purpose of this research is to verify the suitable design criterion and by extension parameters for sewerage system as recommended in MS 1228:1991. This research also aims to study the effect of rainfall on sewerage flow pattern and analyze the flow characteristics in sewerage system. In the present study, two parameters, the per capita flow and the design criterion, were investigated. The investigation was performed on a manhole located between the library and sports complex within Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang campus (UMP Gambang) where field monitoring of sewage flows was conducted. ISCO 2150 Area-Velocity Flowmeter was used to collect the flow data and Flowlink 5.1 software was used for data retrieval as well as display. Calibration of the flowmeter was done in the Hydraulics and Hydrology Laboratory of UMP Gambang. The study duration was from 17 November 2014, 4.00 pm to 9 February 2015, 4.00pm. Each set of data consists of sewage flow readings every five minutes for duration of two weeks by using Area-Velocity method. The same data measurement interval was applied to the rainfall data, collected through an ISCO 675 Rain Gauge located at Residential College 2, UMP Gambang. From the results obtained, both the parameters investigated were found to be lower than their respective values stated in the Malaysia Standard MS 1228:1991. The value of average actual per capital flow in this research was 0.076 m3/day/person which is 66.2% smaller than per capita flow in MS 1228:1991 with amount of 0.225 m3/day/person. On the other hand, the value of average actual design criterion in this study was 2.49 also smaller than design criterion of 4.7 mentioned in MS 1228:1991. After analysis of the results, it can be concluded that the flow characteristics in the sewerage system studied is sufficient to cater to the population equivalent in the study

Evaluation of the sanitary sewerage system flow design in Kuantan city

Sewerage system is the sole infrastructure which conveys sewage to sewerage treatment plants. The usage of a sewerage system should be optimized at the design stage to enhance environmental protection and human health. Flow design parameters and inflow infiltration are significant in the design of sewerage systems. Malaysian sewerage systems are designed according to the Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines (MSIG). Inadequate consideration of flow design parameters and allowable infiltration in sewerage systems can bring negative effects in terms of construction cost, human health and environmental issues. The objectives of this research are to analyze and evaluate the flow parameters as well as infiltration rate in the sewerage system of residential catchments in Kuantan, Pahang. Flowrate data was collected from four residential areas, namely Taman Lepar Hilir Saujana, Taman Pandan Damai, Bandar Putra, and Kota Sas over a period of one and a half years. The Population Equivalent (PE) surveyed amounted to 1253, 2244, 1694, and 3950, respectively. ISCO 4250 and 2150 Area Velocity Flowmeters as well as ISCO 674 Rain Gauge were used to measure flowrate data and rainfall intensity at 5-minute intervals. Those data were analyzed separately for wet and dry period. Before installation on site, equipment calibration was done. For the groundwater infiltration measurement, actual groundwater table was measured using the Rugged Baro TROLL and Rugged TROLL 100 Data Logger at intervals of five minutes. According to MSIG Clause 2.1.14, the current value of per capita flow and design criterion is 0.225 m3/d/person and 4.7, respectively. Meanwhile, the allowable infiltration rate is 0.05 m3/mm/km/d. However, based on the results obtained the average per capita flow was found to be 0.252 m3/d/person, 12% higher than 0.225 m3/d/person and for the average design criterion, the result from this study gave 2.01 which is 57% lower than 4.7. In terms of infiltration rate, the overall result obtained is 14.99 m3/mm/km/d which is 29880% higher than 0.05 m3/mm/km/d. In terms of groundwater infiltration at Bandar Putra, the sewer pipeline is submerged in the groundwater table. This may have caused the infiltration rate to be very high at this location. The results confirmed that the design of the sewerage systems at the monitored site locations are sufficient by using current Peak Flow Factor equation to cater to the PE surveyed

Analysis of Flow Characteristics in Sewerage System

In the present study, two parameters, the per capita flow and the design criterion, were investigated. The investigation was performed on a manhole located between the library and sports complex within Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang campus (UMP Gambang) where field monitoring of sewage flows was conducted. ISCO 2150 area-velocity flowmeter was used to collect the flow data and Flowlink 5.1 software was used for data retrieval as well as display. Calibration of the flowmeter was done in the Hydraulics and Hydrology Laboratory of UMP Gambang. The study duration was from November 2014 to February 2015. Each set of data consists of sewage flow readings every 5 minutes for duration of two weeks. The same data measurement interval was applied to the rainfall data, collected through an ISCO 675 rain gauge. From the results obtained, both the parameters investigated were found to be lower than their respective values stated in the Malaysia Standard MS1228:1991. After analysis of the results, it can be concluded that the flow characteristics in the sewerage system studied is sufficient to cater to the population equivalent in the study

Flow Design of Sewerage System - A Case Study in Taman Pandan Damai, Kuantan

Flow design parameters are important in the sewerage system design. The purpose of this research is to verify the design flow parameters in the sewerage systems within a residential area at Kuantan, Pahang. The residential area selected in this research was Taman Pandan Damai. The population equivalent was surveyed at 2244. This research is in collaboration with national sewage company Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd. ISCO 4250 Area Velocity Flow meter was installed in the Manhole (MH k) after calibration was done. Real time sewage depth, flow rate and velocity data in the sewer was collected using an ultrasonic sensor attached to the flow meter. The flow design parameters were focused on per capita flow as well as design criterion. Based on the results obtained the average per capita flow was 0.36 m3 /day/person which is 60% higher than the 0.225 m3 /day/person recommended in the Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines. Conversely, the result of design criterion was 2.61, 44% lower than 4.7 which is also stated in the Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines. This indicated that the design of the sewerage system in Taman Pandan Damai was more than capable of catering to the population equivalent serviced in that area. In other words, reduction of sewer pipeline diameters may be possible for future sewerage system design. More comprehensive studies are needed to initiate the review of revised flow design parameters taking into account the rising cost of materials around the world

Parametric investigation in Malaysian separate sewer systems

Flow characteristics are significant in the design of sewerage systems in that poor analysis of the flow design parameters may influence the capacity of a sewerage system, causing health and environmental problems. The aim of this study is to verify the design parameters in the peak flow factor equation in Malaysian Standard Code of Practice MS 1228:1991. Data collection was conducted in a residential area at Taman Lepar Hilir Saujana, Kuantan, Pahang. ISCO 2150 Area Velocity Flow Meter and ISCO 674 Rain Gauge were used in this study to collect flow rate and rainfall intensity data, respectively. The resultant analysis shows that the flow design parameters, per capita flow and design criterion, were unexpectedly 42·2 and 16% lower than the value of per capita flow and design criterion described in MS 1228:1991, respectively. This indicates that the separate sewer systems in Malaysia may be over designed if using the flow design parameters recommended in MS 1228:1991. Thus, a revision of the flow design parameters may be necessary, taking into account the rising cost of materials around the world