9 research outputs found
Hypoglossal nerve stimulation : a new treatment approach for obstructive sleep apnea. A review
Introducción: la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) es el trastorno respiratorio del sueño más frecuente. La terapia de elección es la presión positiva continua de la vía aérea (CPAP), pero se ha descrito mala adherencia en su uso. La estimulación del nervio hipogloso (ENH) se encuentra entre las nuevas modalidades de tratamiento en estudio.Objetivo: revisar la fisiopatología de este trastorno, así como la efectividad y seguridad de la ENH como terapia de la AOS.Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos de Medline utilizando las palabras clave: Sleep Apnea, Syndrome; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Hypoglossal Nerve; Electrodes, Implanted; Implantable Neurostimulators, y Electric Stimulation Therapy.Resultados: se encontraron 267 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 27 según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Adicionalmente, se hizo una búsqueda secundaria de estos artículos. La ENH ha mostrado un perfil de efectividad y seguridad favorable con alta adherencia como tratamiento de la AOS. Sin embargo, no se recomienda en pacientes con un índice apnea-hipopnea > 50, ya que produce una reducción parcial, inferior que la que puede producir el CPAP.Conclusiones: la ENH ayuda a corregir, parcialmente, uno de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la AOS. Si bien en la revisión se encontraron datos que sugieren efectividad y seguridad aceptables en corto plazo, se necesitan más estudios sobre efectividad y seguridad a largo plazo, sobre comparación directa con CPAP en algunos casos y sobre uso bilateral de esta nueva modalidad terapéutica.Artículo de revisión286-296Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
is the most common sleep respiratory disorder.
Although Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
(CPAP) is the treatment of choice, it has poor
adherence. The Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
(HNS) is being studied as a new therapeutic
approach. Objective: To review the pathophysiology
of this disorder and the effectiveness
and safety of HNS as a treatment for OSA.
Methods: Information was retrieved from the
database Medline using the search terms: Sleep
Apnea, Syndrome; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive;
Hypoglossal Nerve; Electrodes, Implanted; Implantable
Neurostimulators, and Electric Stimulation
Therapy. Results: 267 articles were
found, of which 27 met the inclusion and exclusion
criteria. In addition, a secondary search
from these articles was performed. The HNS
has shown a favorable effectiveness and safety
profile with a high adherence as a treatment
for OSA. However, it is not recommended for
patients with an Apnea-Hypopnea Index >50
since it only causes a partial reduction of the
AHI; a less effective result than the one observed
with CPAP. Conclusion: The HNS partially
improves one of the pathophysiological mechanisms
of OSA. In this review, the data shows
an acceptable effectiveness and safety profile
in short-term, but more research is needed on
the long-term effectiveness and safety of HNS
as well as the bilateral use of this new therapy
and a clinical study comparing it with CPAP
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Effects of Age and Sex on Inspiratory Muscle Activation Patterns During Exercise
Purpose: Characterize the effects of age, sex, and their interaction on inspiratory muscle
activation patterns during exercise. Methods: Twenty younger (20-30y, n=10 women) and
twenty older (60-80y, n=10 women) subjects performed an incremental cycle exercise test.
Electromyography of the scalene (EMGsca) and sternocleidomastoid (EMGscm) muscles were
measured using skin surface electrodes, while diaphragm electromyography (EMGdi) and
esophageal and transdiaphragmatic pressures were measured using an esophageal catheter.
Electromyography data were transformed into root-mean-square with a 100ms time constant.
Esophageal (PTPes) and diaphragmatic (PTPdi) pressure-time products were used as indices of
total inspiratory muscle pressure production and diaphragmatic pressure production,
respectively. Results: At absolute minute ventilations (V
E), women and older subjects had
greater EMGdi than men and younger subjects, respectively (all p<0.05), but no differences were
noted when V
E was expressed in relative terms (all p>0.05). Women had greater EMGsca activity
than men at absolute and relative levels of V
E (all p<0.05). Older subjects had greater EMGsca
than younger subjects when V
E was expressed relative (all p<0.05) but not absolute terms (all
p>0.05). At absolute and relative levels of V
E, women and older subjects had greater EMGscm
than men and younger subjects, respectively (all p<0.05). Women and older subjects had a
greater PTPdi/PTPes at a V
E of 70 l·min-1 than men and younger subjects, respectively (both
p<0.05), but no differences were noted when V
E was expressed in relative terms (all p>0.05). No
significant interactions between age and sex were noted (all p>0.05). Conclusion: Age and sex
significantly affect inspiratory muscle activation patterns during exercise; however, the extent of
the effects depends on whether comparisons are made at a solute or relative V
E.This study was supported by the British Columbia Lung Association
(BCLA). YMS, PBD, and AHR were supported by graduate scholarships from the Natural
Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). PBD and MRS were
supported by fellowships from the University of British Columbia and BCLA. JAG was
supported by a Scholar Award from the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, a New
Investigator Award from the Providence Health Care Research Institute and St. Paul’s Hospital
Foundation, and a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Clinical Rehabilitation New Investigator Award
The Effects Of Beetroot Juice Supplementation On The Oxygen Cost Of Breathing In Obese Males
The purpose of this study was to measure the O2 cost of breathing during a eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test, and whole body VO2 and ratings of perceived breathlessness during constant work rate cycling in obese males following beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation. Six (n=6) obese males performed spirometry measures and a VO2peak test on a cycle ergometer during the initial visit. During the remaining two subsequent visits, subjects mimicked the ventilation and breathing pattern corresponding to 50%, 70%, and 90% VO2peak. After a passive recovery period, subjects cycled at a moderate intensity for 6 minutes. Subjects supplemented with either a placebo or BRJ for ten days in a randomized, cross-over design. A 10-day washout period separated the two supplementation periods. The O2 cost of breathing, whole body VO2, or ratings of perceived breathlessness were not different between BRJ and placebo conditions. Tidal volume was reduced during moderate intensity cycling during BRJ conditions when compared to placebo conditions. These findings suggest that BRJ does not lower O2 cost of breathing during eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation, nor does BRJ lower VO2 during moderate intensity cycling in young obese males