The collapse of a spherical cavity in a compressible liquid

This paper presents numerical solutions for the flow in the vicinity of a collapsing spherical bubble in water. The bubble is assumed to contain a small amount of gas and the solutions are taken beyond the point where the bubble reaches its minimum radius up to the stage where a pressure wave forms and propagates outwards into the liquid. The motion up to the point where the minimum radius is attained, is found by solving the equations of motion both in the Lagrangian and in the characteristic forms. These are in good agreement with each other and also with the approximate theory of Gilmore which is demonstrated to be accurate over a wide range of Mach number. The liquid flow after the minimum radius has been attained is determined from a solution of the Lagrangian equations. It is shown that an acoustic approximation is quite valid for fairly high pressures and this fact is used to determine the peak intensity of the pressure wave at a distance from the center of collapse. It is estimated in the case of typical cavitation bubbles that such intensities are sufficient to cause cavitation damage

The Experiences of Patients in the Synchrony Group Music Therapy Trial for Long-term Depression

Music therapy may be particularly well placed to address features of depression. The Synchrony study used group songwriting in a feasibility trial of group music therapy for longterm depression. The current study explored the lived experiences of the participants in these groups. Ten individuals participated in semi-structured interviews. These were analysed by a music therapist, research psychologist and lived experience researcher, using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three superordinate themes were identified: „the group as a happy and safe place‟, „music stimulates new feelings and songwriting aids expression into words‟ and „uncertainty, unmet needs and the ending were challenging‟. Findings underscore the importance of early group cohesion and the role of music and song-writing in promoting enjoyment, exploration and a sense of achievement. Group setup requires careful consideration of expectation setting, levels of musicianship and readiness for songwriting and preparation for ending, so as not to reinforce hopelessness, disappointment and loss

A field programmable gate array based Langmuir probe system for measurement of plasma parameters at 500 kHz in a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering plasma.

By utilizing Field Programmable Gate Arrays in a configuration similar to that of the Mirror Langmuir Probe, it is possible to bias a single probe at three precise voltages in sequence. These voltages can be dynamically adjusted in real-time based on the measured plasma electron temperature to ensure the transition region is always sampled. The first results have been obtained by employing this method and have generated real-time outputs of electron temperature, ion saturation current, and floating potential on a low temperature pulsed-DC magnetron at 500 kHz. These results are in good agreement with the analysis of a conventionally swept Langmuir probe. This probe is designed with the intention of being implemented on MAST-U to aid in the study of exhaust physics and enable further investigation into filamentary behavior. [Abstract copyright: © 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Human cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Relative frequency of stage-specific CTL recognizing the 72-kD immediate early protein and glycoprotein B expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses.

CTL are held to be an important host defense mechanism in persistent herpes-virus infections. We have therefore studied the nature and specificity of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific CTL in normal persistently infected individuals. This was achieved by using vaccinia recombinants encoding viral genes expressed at different stages of the virus replicative cycle, a structural glycoprotein gB (vac.gB) and the major 72-kD immediate early nonstructural protein (vac.IE) of HCMV, combined with limiting dilution analysis of the CTL response. In two subjects, 43 and 58% of HCMV CTL precursors (CTLp) lysed vac.IE-infected cells, in contrast to less than 6% lysing gB-infected cells. HCMV-specific CTL could also be generated by secondary in vitro stimulation with vac.gB- but not vac.IE-infected autologous fibroblasts. The high frequency of 72-kD IE protein-specific CTL suggests that this is at least a major recognition element for the HCMV-specific CTL response in asymptomatic persistently infected individuals, and CTL with this specificity may be important in maintaining the normal virus/host equilibrium

Prospective associations between dietary patterns and cognitive performance during adolescence

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate prospective associations between dietary patterns and cognitive performance during adolescence .Methods: Participants were sourced from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study that includes 2868 children born between 1989 and 1992 in Perth, Western Australia. When the children were 17 years old (2006–2009), cognitive performance was assessed using a computerized cognitive battery of tests (CogState) that included six tasks. Using a food frequency questionnaire administered when the children were 14 years old (2003–2006), ‘Healthy’ and ‘Western’ dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Associations between dietary patterns at 14 years of age and cognitive performance at 17 years of age were assessed prospectively using multivariate regression models.Results: Dietary and cognitive performance data were available for 602 participants. Following adjustment for the ‘Healthy’ dietary pattern, total energy intake, maternal education, family income, father's presence in the family, family functioning and gender, we found that a longer reaction time in the detection task (ß = .016; 95% CI: 0.004; 0.028; p = .009) and a higher number of total errors in the Groton Maze Learning Test – delayed recall task (ß = .060; 95% CI: 0.006; 0.114; p = .029) were significantly associated with higher scores on the ‘Western’ dietary pattern. The ‘Western’ dietary pattern was characterized by high intakes of take-away food, red and processed meat, soft drink, fried and refined food. We also found that within the dietary patterns, high intake of fried potato, crisps and red meat had negative associations, while increased fruit and leafy green vegetable intake had positive associations with some aspects of cognitive performance. Conclusion: Higher dietary intake of the ‘Western’ dietary pattern at age 14 is associated with diminished cognitive performance 3 years later, at 17 years

Long term survival after evidence based treatment of acute myocardial infarction and revascularisation: follow-up of population based Perth MONICA cohort, 1984-2005

Objective To examine trends in long term survival in patients alive 28 days after myocardial infarction and the impact of evidence based medical treatments and coronary revascularisation during or near the event

Gender equality and girls education: Investigating frameworks, disjunctures and meanings of quality education

The article draws on qualitative educational research across a diversity of low-income countries to examine the gendered inequalities in education as complex, multi-faceted and situated rather than a series of barriers to be overcome through linear input–output processes focused on isolated dimensions of quality. It argues that frameworks for thinking about educational quality often result in analyses of gender inequalities that are fragmented and incomplete. However, by considering education quality more broadly as a terrain of quality it investigates questions of educational transitions, teacher supply and community participation, and develops understandings of how education is experienced by learners and teachers in their gendered lives and their teaching practices. By taking an approach based on theories of human development the article identifies dynamics of power underpinning gender inequalities in the literature and played out in diverse contexts and influenced by social, cultural and historical contexts. The review and discussion indicate that attaining gender equitable quality education requires recognition and understanding of the ways in which inequalities intersect and interrelate in order to seek out multi-faceted strategies that address not only different dimensions of girls’ and women’s lives, but understand gendered relationships and structurally entrenched inequalities between women and men, girls and boys