Comparison Between cANCA and pANCA In Patients with Renal Disease

Background: Renal involvement is immensely include in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated systemic vasculitis .It is a significant cause of end-stage renal failure. Objective: To comparison between cytoplasmic autoantibodies a cytoplasmic pattern and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies a perinuclear pattern in patients with renal disease . Patients and Methods: Prospective study reports presenting serological , hematological  and  biochemical investigations of 44 new patients diagnosed in teaching laboratories of Baghdad hospital  from March  2015  to June 2016. All studied groups tested for hemaglobin (Hb), White blood cells (WBC), serum blood urea, Serum blood creatinine, c-reactive protein in addition to antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies a perinuclear pattern (p-ANCA)  and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies a cytoplasmic pattern (c-ANCA) detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique   . Results: All patients with renal disease had antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody a cytoplasmic pattern negative whereas (27.3%) of those patients had positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody a perinuclear pattern. Patients with age group range between (20-29) years showed (18.2%) pANCA positive results which mainly involved in female. Clinically evident systemic lupus erythematosus was present in 6 of the 12 patients with positive pANCA . Conclusion: Serum anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody measurement should not be used alone in the diagnosis of ANCA-associated disease, whereas pANCA is more convincing in the diagnosis than cANCA

FAAH Inhibition Restores Early Life Stress-Induced Alterations in PFC microRNAs Associated with Depressive-Like Behavior in Male and Female Rats

Early life stress (ELS) increases predisposition to depression. We compared the effects of treatment with the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597, and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine, on ELS-induced depressive-like behavior and the expression of microRNAs (miRs) associated with depression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampal CA1 area, lateral habenula and dorsal raphe in rats. We also examined the mRNA expression of serotonergic (htr1a and slc6a4) and endocannabinoid (cnr1, cnr2 and faah) targets in the mPFC following ELS and pharmacological treatment. Adult males and females exposed to the ‘Limited Bedding and Nesting’ ELS paradigm demonstrated a depressive-like phenotype and late-adolescence URB597 treatment, but not paroxetine, reversed this phenotype. In the mPFC, ELS downregulated miR-16 in males and miR-135a in females and URB597 treatment restored this effect. In ELS females, the increase in cnr2 and decrease in faah mRNAs in the mPFC were reversed by URB597 treatment. We show for the first time that URB597 reversed ELS-induced mPFC downregulation in specific miRs and stress-related behaviors, suggesting a novel mechanism for the beneficial effects of FAAH inhibition. The differential effects of ELS and URB597 on males and females highlight the importance of developing sex-specific treatment approaches

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of A-to-I RNA editing in the rat brain is age-dependent, region-specific and sensitive to environmental stress across generations

A Flow chart of sample preparation using the Illumina-based Htr2c-direcetd NGS. (PDF 92 kb

Additional file 4: Figure S3. of A-to-I RNA editing in the rat brain is age-dependent, region-specific and sensitive to environmental stress across generations

A-to-I RNA editing in oocytes, AMY and PFC of adult female rats. Editing sites where % editing are high are presented in the top part of the figure; sites where % editing are low (0–4%) are presented in the bottom part. N’s, PFC, 11, AMY 12, Oocytes 5–12. (TIFF 584 kb

Additional file 2: Table S1. of A-to-I RNA editing in the rat brain is age-dependent, region-specific and sensitive to environmental stress across generations

RNA editing sites detected with mmPCR-seq. Table S2. Primer sequences used for mmPCR-seq, Real-Time PCR and Htr2c-directed NGS. Table S3. % RNA editing in PFC and AMY of neonatal (P0) vs. adult (P60) rats. Table S4. Age-dependent changes in Htr2c isoform prevalence in PFC and AMY. Table S5. % RNA editing in neonatal (P0) and adult (P60) PFC vs. AMY. Table S6. Htr2c and ADARs correlations with significant non-synonymous editing sites. Table S7. Changes in Htr2c isoform prevalence in PFC vs. AMY at P0 and P60. Table S8. The effects of PRS on RNA editing at learning- and stress-related genes in F0, F1 and F2. Table S9. Statistical analysis of editing differences between oocytes, PFC and AMY. (XLSX 92 kb

Paediatric COVID-19 mortality: a database analysis of the impact of health resource disparity

Background The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric populations varied between high-income countries (HICs) versus low-income to middle-income countries (LMICs). We sought to investigate differences in paediatric clinical outcomes and identify factors contributing to disparity between countries.Methods The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 database was queried to include children under 19 years of age admitted to hospital from January 2020 to April 2021 with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Univariate and multivariable analysis of contributing factors for mortality were assessed by country group (HICs vs LMICs) as defined by the World Bank criteria.Results A total of 12 860 children (3819 from 21 HICs and 9041 from 15 LMICs) participated in this study. Of these, 8961 were laboratory-confirmed and 3899 suspected COVID-19 cases. About 52% of LMICs children were black, and more than 40% were infants and adolescent. Overall in-hospital mortality rate (95% CI) was 3.3% [=(3.0% to 3.6%), higher in LMICs than HICs (4.0% (3.6% to 4.4%) and 1.7% (1.3% to 2.1%), respectively). There were significant differences between country income groups in intervention profile, with higher use of antibiotics, antivirals, corticosteroids, prone positioning, high flow nasal cannula, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation in HICs. Out of the 439 mechanically ventilated children, mortality occurred in 106 (24.1%) subjects, which was higher in LMICs than HICs (89 (43.6%) vs 17 (7.2%) respectively). Pre-existing infectious comorbidities (tuberculosis and HIV) and some complications (bacterial pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and myocarditis) were significantly higher in LMICs compared with HICs. On multivariable analysis, LMIC as country income group was associated with increased risk of mortality (adjusted HR 4.73 (3.16 to 7.10)).Conclusion Mortality and morbidities were higher in LMICs than HICs, and it may be attributable to differences in patient demographics, complications and access to supportive and treatment modalities

ISARIC-COVID-19 dataset: A Prospective, Standardized, Global Dataset of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 dataset is one of the largest international databases of prospectively collected clinical data on people hospitalized with COVID-19. This dataset was compiled during the COVID-19 pandemic by a network of hospitals that collect data using the ISARIC-World Health Organization Clinical Characterization Protocol and data tools. The database includes data from more than 705,000 patients, collected in more than 60 countries and 1,500 centres worldwide. Patient data are available from acute hospital admissions with COVID-19 and outpatient follow-ups. The data include signs and symptoms, pre-existing comorbidities, vital signs, chronic and acute treatments, complications, dates of hospitalization and discharge, mortality, viral strains, vaccination status, and other data. Here, we present the dataset characteristics, explain its architecture and how to gain access, and provide tools to facilitate its use

Association of Country Income Level With the Characteristics and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients Hospitalized With Acute Kidney Injury and COVID-19

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been identified as one of the most common and significant problems in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. However, studies examining the relationship between COVID-19 and AKI in low- and low-middle income countries (LLMIC) are lacking. Given that AKI is known to carry a higher mortality rate in these countries, it is important to understand differences in this population. Methods: This prospective, observational study examines the AKI incidence and characteristics of 32,210 patients with COVID-19 from 49 countries across all income levels who were admitted to an intensive care unit during their hospital stay. Results: Among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, AKI incidence was highest in patients in LLMIC, followed by patients in upper-middle income countries (UMIC) and high-income countries (HIC) (53%, 38%, and 30%, respectively), whereas dialysis rates were lowest among patients with AKI from LLMIC and highest among those from HIC (27% vs. 45%). Patients with AKI in LLMIC had the largest proportion of community-acquired AKI (CA-AKI) and highest rate of in-hospital death (79% vs. 54% in HIC and 66% in UMIC). The association between AKI, being from LLMIC and in-hospital death persisted even after adjusting for disease severity. Conclusions: AKI is a particularly devastating complication of COVID-19 among patients from poorer nations where the gaps in accessibility and quality of healthcare delivery have a major impact on patient outcomes