Die Erreichbarkeit deutscher Großstädte durch den Schienenpersonenverkehr

In Heft 01/2011 dieser Zeitschrift wurde in einem Beitrag für eine allumfassende und ökonomisch fundierte Erreichbarkeitsbewertung in Deutschland plädiert, welche über die Berechnung von Teilindizes zur Quantifizierung der Erreichbarkeit hinausgeht. In diesem Beitrag wird nun die Erreichbarkeit deutscher Großstädte für den Schienenpersonenverkehr empirisch untersucht. Unter Anwendung multivariater Verfahren werden drei Partialindikatoren zu einem synthetisierten Index zusammengefasst. Dieses Vorgehen wird für die Bewertung deutscher Verkehrsinfrastrukturen erstmals angewandt. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass die schienengebundene Erreichbarkeit von Großstädten in den neuen Bundesländern deutlich schlechter im Vergleich zu den alten Bundesländern ist. Jedoch zeichnen sich auch im Bundesgebiet relativ zentral gelegene Städte durch eine geringe Erreichbarkeit aus.Verkehrserschließung; Verkehrsinfrastruktur; Großstadt; Schienenverkehr; Personenverkehr; Vergleich; Alte Bundesländer; Neue Bundesländer

Total synthesis of the cyclic monoterpenoid pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids derived from 2-hydroxy-6-methylcarbazole

The synthesis of seven pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids has been achieved using their putative biogenetic precursor 2-hydroxy-6-methylcarbazole as key intermediate

Retained primary teeth in STAT3 hyper-IgE syndrome: early intervention in childhood is essential

Background STAT3 hyper-IgE syndrome (STAT3-HIES) is a rare primary immunodeficiency that clinically overlaps with atopic dermatitis. In addition to eczema, elevated serum-IgE, and recurrent infections, STAT3-HIES patients suffer from characteristic facies, midline defects, and retained primary teeth. To optimize dental management we assessed the development of dentition and the long-term outcomes of dental treatment in 13 molecularly defined STAT3-HIES patients using questionnaires, radiographs, and dental investigations. Results Primary tooth eruption was unremarkable in all STAT3-HIES patients evaluated. Primary tooth exfoliation and permanent tooth eruption was delayed in 83% of patients due to unresorbed tooth roots. A complex orthodontic treatment was needed for one patient receiving delayed extraction of primary molars and canines. Permanent teeth erupted spontaneously in all patients receiving primary teeth extraction of retained primary teeth during average physiologic exfoliation time. Conclusions The association of STAT3-HIES with retained primary teeth is important knowledge for dentists and physicians as timely extraction of retained primary teeth prevents dental complications. To enable spontaneous eruption of permanent teeth in children with STAT3-HIES, we recommend extracting retained primary incisors when the patient is not older than 9 years of age and retained primary canines and molars when the patient is not older than 13 years of age, after having confirmed the presence of the permanent successor teeth by radiograph

Palladium(II)-catalysed total synthesis of naturally occurring pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole and pyrano[2,3-b]carbazole alkaloids

Seven naturally occurring pyranocarbazole alkaloids (pyrayafoline A–E, O-methylmurrayamine A and O-methylmahanine) have been obtained by total synthesis using a palladium(II)-catalysed oxidative cyclisation of a diarylamine to an orthogonally diprotected 2,7-dihydroxycarbazole as key step

Total synthesis of the cyclic monoterpenoid pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids derived from 2-hydroxy-6-methylcarbazole

The synthesis of seven pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids has been achieved using their putative biogenetic precursor 2-hydroxy-6-methylcarbazole as key intermediate

Total synthesis of the cyclic monoterpenoid pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids derived from 2-hydroxy-6-methylcarbazole

The synthesis of seven pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids has been achieved using their putative biogenetic precursor 2-hydroxy-6-methylcarbazole as key intermediate

Total Syntheses of Murrayamine E, I, and K

We describe efficient synthetic routes to murrayamine A (mukoenine C), <i>O</i>-methylmurrayamine A, mahanine, <i>O</i>-methylmahanine, and murrayamine D and the first total syntheses of murrayamine E, I, and K. Key steps are a palladium-catalyzed construction of the carbazole framework and an annulation of the pyran ring, which is either catalyzed by phenylboronic acid or promoted by a Lewis acid

Procedures for the GMP-Compliant Production and Quality Control of [18F]PSMA-1007: A Next Generation Radiofluorinated Tracer for the Detection of Prostate Cancer

Radiolabeled tracers targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have become important radiopharmaceuticals for the PET-imaging of prostate cancer. In this connection, we recently developed the fluorine-18-labelled PSMA-ligand [18F]PSMA-1007 as the next generation radiofluorinated Glu-ureido PSMA inhibitor after [18F]DCFPyL and [18F]DCFBC. Since radiosynthesis so far has been suffering from rather poor yields, novel procedures for the automated radiosyntheses of [18F]PSMA-1007 have been developed. We herein report on both the two-step and the novel one-step procedures, which have been performed on different commonly-used radiosynthesisers. Using the novel one-step procedure, the [18F]PSMA-1007 was produced in good radiochemical yields ranging from 25 to 80% and synthesis times of less than 55 min. Furthermore, upscaling to product activities up to 50 GBq per batch was successfully conducted. All batches passed quality control according to European Pharmacopoeia standards. Therefore, we were able to disclose a new, simple and, at the same time, high yielding production pathway for the next generation PSMA radioligand [18F]PSMA-1007. Actually, it turned out that the radiosynthesis is as easily realised as the well-known [18F]FDG synthesis and, thus, transferable to all currently-available radiosynthesisers. Using the new procedures, the clinical daily routine can be sustainably supported in-house even in larger hospitals by a single production batch

Main pulmonary artery diameter from attenuation correction CT scans in cardiac SPECT accurately predicts pulmonary hypertension

MPA diameter from low-dose unenhanced multi-slice CT reliably predicts PHT, providing an important added clinical value from AC for SPECT MPI