Assessment of the proportionality of skin folds between professional footballers and alternate, Peruvian

El objetivo del estudio fue proporcionar información descriptiva sobre las diferencias de proporcionalidad de la masa corporal y pliegues cutáneos entre jugadores titulares y reservas en función de la posición de juego. Fueron seleccionados de forma no probabilística 4 clubes profesionales de Primera División del Fútbol Profesional Peruano, considerándose 44 titulares y 28 reservas. Se evaluó la masa corporal, estatura, seis pliegues cutáneos, determinándose la proporcionalidad corporal por medio de la estrategia del Phantom. Los resultados muestran que la proporcionalidad de la masa corporal y los pliegues cutáneos es similar, tanto de forma general y por ubicación de juego, no existiendo diferencias significativas entre las posiciones de juego y entre titulares y suplentes. En conclusión, todos los jugadores, independientemente de la posición de juego y la titularidad y/o suplencia muestran similares valores de proporcionalidad corporal y de pliegues cutáneos, mostrando en general altos valores de masa corporal y bajos niveles de tejido adiposo.The aim of the study was to provide descriptive information about the differences in proportionality of body mass and skinfold thickness between starters and reserves as playing position. They were selected in a non-probabilistic 04 professional clubs in the First Division of Professional Football Peruvian, considering 44 starters and 28 reserves. We assessed body mass, height, six skinfolds, body proportionality determined by the strategy of the Phantom. The results show that the proportionality of body mass and skinfold is similar, both generally and by playing position, with no significant differences between playing positions and titular or alternate players. In conclusion, all players regardless of playing position and title and/or substitution proportionality show similar values and skinfold body, showing generally high body mass values and low levels of fat.Peer Reviewe

Reliability Of The Four Series 15-second Vertical Jumping Test [confiabilidade Do Teste De Salto Vertical Com 4 Séries De 15 Segundos]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to check the reliability of the vertical jumping test and re-test in four series of the 15-seconds test (IVJT). Method: Eighteen male volunteer athletes participated in this study, and they were divided as follows: eleven handball players (25.74 ± 4.71 years; 85.84 ± 7.63 kg; 182.14 ± 3.46 cm), and seven basketball players (18.60 ± 0.77 years; 83.82 ± 10.02 kg; 188.14 ± 5.76 cm). The assessed variables for the test and re-test were: power peak (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI). The performances attained by them in these variables were measured through the vertical jumping test in four series of the 15-seconds test with 10 seconds recovery between series. The statistical treatment was performed through the descriptive technique and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The results have shown a high ICC in the repeated measurements performed in different days for every variable: PP (r = 0.992; p = 0.0360); MP (r = 0.993; p = 0.0107); and FI (r = 0.981; p = 0.0556). Added to this, it was found high correlation coefficients between the test and re-test as to the quality indicators in the measurements of the vertical jumping technique with counter-movement without the help of the upper limbs (CMJ) (r = 0.991; p = 0.0800), for the amount of jumps together with a 15 and 60 seconds work (AVJ15s, r = 0.936; p = 0.0062, and AVJ60s, r = 0.978; p = 0.0139) and in the jumped height, in a 15 and 60 seconds work (VJ15s, r = 0.993; p = 0.0467, and VJ60s, r = 0.988; p = 0.0014). Conclusion: The data analysis pointed out the existence of a reliable measurement of the IVJT when assessing the explosive strength resistance through the MP and FI variables.12285e88eBangsbo, J., The physiology of soccer - with special reference to intense intermittent exercise (1994) Acta Physiol Scand, 151, pp. 1-157Maclaren, D., Court games: Volleyball and basketball (1997) Physiology of sports, , Reilly T, Secher N, Sell P, Willians C, editors, London: E&FN SponViitasalo, J.T., Rusko, H., Rahkila, P., Endurance requirements in volleyball (1987) Can J Sports Sci, 12, pp. 194-201Wallace, M.B., Cardinale, M., Conditioning for team handball (1997) Strength Cond, 19, pp. 7-12Iglesias, F., Analisis del esfuerzo en el voleibol (1994) Stadium Argentina, 28, pp. 17-23Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., Bangsbo, J., Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue (2003) J Sports Sci, 21, pp. 519-528Jaric, S., Ugarkovic, D., Kukolj, M., Anthropometric, strength, power and flexibility variables in elite male athletes: Basketball, handball, soccer and volleyball players (2001) J Human Mov Stud, 40, pp. 553-564Castagna, C., D'Ottavio, S., Abt, G., Activity profile of young soccer players during actual match play (2003) J Strength Cond Res, 17, pp. 775-780Latin, R.W., Berg, K., Baechle, T., Physical and performance characteristics of NCAA division I male basketball players (1994) J Strength Cond Res, 8, pp. 214-218Hoffman, J.R., Epstein, S., Einbinder, M., Weinstwin, Y., A comparison between the Wingate anaerobic power test to both vertical jump and line drill tests in basketball players (2000) J Strength Cond Res, 14, pp. 261-264Edwards RHT. Human muscle function and fatigue. In. Poter R, Whelan J, editors. Physiology mechanisms. London: Ptiman Medical, 1981;1-18Fitts, R.H., Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue (1994) Physiol Rev, 7, pp. 49-94Gibson, H., Edwards, R.H.T., Muscular exercise and fatigue (1987) Sport Med, 22, pp. 120-132Green, H.J., Mechanisms of fatigue in intense exercise (1997) J Sports Sci, 15, pp. 247-256Kirkendall, D.T., Mechanisms of peripheral fatigue (1990) Med Sci Sport Exerc, 22, pp. 444-449Horita, T., Komi, P.V., Hämäläinen, I., Avela, J., Exhausting stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercise cause greater impairment in SSC performance than in pure concentric performance (2003) Eur J Appl Physiol, 88, pp. 527-534Kyröläinen, H., Takala, T.E.S., Komi, P.V., Muscle damage induced by stretch-shortening cycle exercise (1998) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, pp. 415-420Hoffman, J.R., Kang, J., Evaluation of a new anaerobic power testing system (2002) J Strength Cond Res, 16, pp. 142-148Bosco, C., Luhtanen, P., Komi, P.V., A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping (1983) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 50, pp. 273-282Bangsbo, J., Lindquist, F., Comparison of various exercise tests with endurance performance during soccer in professional players (1992) Int J Sports Med, 13, pp. 125-132Sands, W.A., Mcneal, J.R., Ochi, M.T., Urbanek, T.L., Jemni, M., Stone, M.H., Comparison of the Wingate and Bosco anaerobic tests (2004) J Strength Cond Res, 18, pp. 810-815Essén, B., Hagenfeldt, L., Kaijser, L., Utilization of blood-borne and intramuscular substrates during continuous and intermittent exercise in man (1973) J Physiol, 265, pp. 489-506Essén, B., Glycogen depletion of different fiber types in human skeletal muscle during intermittent and continuous exercise (1978) Acta Physiol Scand, 103, pp. 446-455Harley, R.A., Doust, J.H., The development of a field test assessing power endurance of the leg extensor muscles during sets of repeated jump (1994) J Sports Sci, 12, p. 139Lohman, T.G., Roche, A.F., Martorell, R., (1988) Anthropometric standardization reference manual, , Champaign: Human KineticsBosco, C., Sei um grande atleta: Vediano che cosa dice I'Ergojump (1980) Pallavolo, 5, pp. 34-36Komi, P.V., Bosco, C., Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men (1978) Med Sci Sport Exerc, 10, pp. 261-265Bosco, C., (1994) La valoración de la fuerza con el teste de Bosco, , Barcelona: PaidotriboFinni, T., Ikegawa, S., Kallio, J., Lepola, V., Komi, P.V., Vastus lateral's length and force in isometric and stretch-shortening cycle conditions (2001) J Sports Sci, 19, pp. 550-551Elvira, J.L.L., Rodríguez, I.G., Riera, M.M., Jódar, X.A., Comparative study of the reliability of three jump tests with two measurement systems (2001) J Hum Mov Stud, 41, pp. 369-383Bosco, C., Tihanyi, J., Latteri, F., Fekete, G., Apor, P., Rusko, H., The effect of fatigue on store and re-use of elastic energy in slow and fast types of human skeletal muscle (1986) Acta Physiol Scand, 128, pp. 109-117Ugrinowitsch C. Determinação de equações preditivas para a capacidade de salto vertical através de testes isocinético em jogadores de voleibol. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação Física) - Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 1997;84

Assessment Of Explosive Strength-endurance In Volleyball Players Through Vertical Jumping Test [avaliação Da Resistência De Força Explosiva Em Voleibolistas Através De Testes De Saltos Verticais]

The aim of this study was to verify the differences between the continuous jump test of 60 seconds (CJ60 sec) and the intermittent jump test of 4 sets of 15 seconds (IJ4x15 sec). The sample was composed of 10 male volleyball players with 19.01 ± 1.36 years, 191.5 ± 5.36 cm height and 81.74 ± 7.45 of body mass, who participated in this research as volunteers. The variables studied were estimated as the peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI). These performances were measured through tests of vertical jump with duration the 60 seconds and with the performance of 4 sets of 15 seconds with 10 seconds of recovery between the sets. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon test. The significance level was of p < 0.05. It was possible to analyze that the continuous and the intermittent jump test presented significant differences in MP (p < 0.05), FI (p < 0.01), and in the number of the vertical jump in 60 seconds (p < 0.01), and the height in 60 seconds exercise (p < 0.05). The MP found in IJ4x15sec was significantly higher than in the CJ60 sec in volleyball players. In conclusion, the results suggest the existence of significant differences between the CJ60sec and IJ4x15 sec.133181184Bosco, C., Piterra, C., Rahkila, P., Luthanen, P., Ito, A., Droghetti, P., New tests for measurement of anaerobic capacity in jumping and leg extensor muscle elasticity (1981) Volleyball IFVB, 1, pp. 22-30Hoffman, J.R., Kang, J., Evaluation of a new anaerobic power testing system (2002) J Strength Cond Res, 6, pp. 142-148Sands, W.A., McNeal, J.R., Ochi, M.T., Urbanek, T.L., Jemni, M., Stone, M.H., Comparison of the Wingate and Bosco anaerobic tests (2004) J Strength Cond Res, 18, pp. 810-815Young, W., Wilson, G., Byrne, C., Relationship between strength qualities and performance in standing and run-up vertical jumps (1999) J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 39, pp. 285-293Bissochi, M.O., Mudanças temporais de esforço e pausa e número de ocorrências de fundamentos em partidas de voleibol entre as olimpíadas de 1992 e 2004. (2005) Rev Ed Fís Motriz, 11, p. 22Viitasalo, J.T., Rusko, H., Rahkila, P., Endurance requirements in volleyball (1987) Can J Appl Sports, 12, pp. 194-201Lopes, M.R., Chagas Neto, P.B., Campos, F.A.D., Silveira, A.C.M.B., Rocha, M.A., Análise dos tempos de jogos no voleibol masculino - campeonato brasileiro infantojuvenil do ano de 2002. Rev Bras Ciên Mov (2003), pp. S19Maclaren, D., Curt games: Volleyball and basketball (1997) Physiol sports, pp. 427-464. , Reilly T, Secher N, Sell P, Williams C, editors, London: E&FN Spon;Scates, A.L., Linn, M., (2003) Complete conditioning for volleyball, , Champaign: Human Kinetics;Bompa, T.O., (2005) Treinando atletas de desporto coletivo, pp. 255-287. , São Paulo: Phorte Editora;Kirkendall, D.T., Fadiga da atividade voluntária (2003) Garrett Jr WE, Kirkendall DT. A ciência do exercício e dos esportes, pp. 120-130. , Porto Alegre: Artmed;De La Rosa, A.F., (2006) Direções de treinamento: Novas concepções metodológicas, , Rio de Janeiro: Phorte Editora;Bosco, C., Luhtanen, P., Komi, P.V., A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping (1983) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 50, pp. 273-282Bosco, C., (1994) La valoración de la fuerza con el teste de Bosco, , Barcelona: Paidotribo;Nicol C, Komi PV. Ciclo de alongamento-encurtamento e sua influência na produção de força e potência. In: Komi PV. Força e potência no esporte. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Co.2006. p. 219-44Komi, P.V., Bosco, C., Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men (1978) Med Sci Sport Exerc, 10, pp. 261-265Komi PV. Ciclo de alongamento-encurtamento. In: Komi PV. Força e potência no esporte. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Co.2006. p. 200-18Harley, R.A., Doust, J.H., The development of a field test assessing power endurance of the leg extensor muscles during sets of repeated jump (1994) J Sports Sci, 12, p. 139Skurvydas, A., Jascaninas, J., Zachovajevas, P., Changes in height of jump, maximal voluntary contraction force and low-frequency fatigue after 100 intermittent or continuous jumps with maximal intensity (2000) Acta Physiol Scand, 169, pp. 55-62Bosco, C., Sei un grande atleta: Vediano che cosa dice I'Ergojump (1980) Pallavolo, 5, pp. 34-36Alvarez, B.R., Pavan, A.L., (2003) Alturas e comprimentos, pp. 29-51. , Petroski EL. Antropometria: técnicas e padronizações. Porto Alegre: Pallotti;Finni, T., Ikegawa, S., Kallio, J., Lepola, V., Komi, P.V., Vastus lateralis length and force in isometric and stretch-shortening cycle conditions (2001) J Sports Sci, 19, pp. 550-551Hespanhol, J.E., Silva Neto, L.G., Arruda, M., Confiabilidade do teste de salto vertical com 4 séries de 15 segundos. (2006) Rev Bras Med Esporte, 12, pp. 95-98Rodacki, L.F., Fowler, N.E., Bennett, S.J., Vertical jump coordination: Fatigue effects (2002) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34, pp. 105-116Bosco, C., Tihanyi, J., Latteri, F., Fekete, G., Apor, P., Rusko, H., The effect of fatigue on store and re-use of elastic energy in slow and fast types of human skeletal muscle (1986) Acta Physiol Scand, 128, pp. 109-117Horita, T., Komi, P.V., Nicol, C., Kyröläinen, H., Stretch shortening cycle fatigue: Interactions among joint stiffness, reflex, and muscle mechanical performance in the drop jump (1996) Eur J Appl Physiol, 73, pp. 393-403Horita, T., Komi, P.V., Hämäläinen, I., Avela, J., Exhausting stretch-shortening cycle exercise cause greater impairment in SSC performance than in pure concentric performance (2003) Eur J Appl Physiol, 88, pp. 527-534Bogdanis, G.C., Nevill, M.E., Boobis, L.H., Lakomy, H.K.A., Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply during repeated sprint exercise (1996) J Appl Physiol, 80, pp. 876-884Essén, B., Glycogen depletion of different fiber types in human skeletal muscle during intermittent and continuous exercise (1978) Acta Physiol Scand, 103, pp. 446-455Balsom, P.D., Gaitanos, G.C., Söderlund, K., Ekblom, B., High-intensity exercise and muscle glycogen availability in humans (1999) Acta Physiol Scand, 165 (4), pp. 337-345Gaitanos, G.C., Williams, C., Boobis, L.H., Brooks, S., Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise (1993) J Appl Physiol, 75 (2), pp. 712-719Pereira, G., Kokubun, E., A influência do impulso concêntrico na exaustão de saltos verticais. (2005) Rev Ed Fís Motriz, 11, p. 13

The Use Of World Health Organization Growth Curves In Children And Adolescents That Live In Regions Of Moderate Altitude [o Uso Das Curvas De Crescimento Da Organização Mundial Da Saúde Em Crianças E Adolescentes Que Vivem Em Regiões De Altitude Moderada]

Objective: To determine the applicability of the World Health Organization growth curves in school children that live in areas of moderate altitude. Methods: A cross-sectional study, using a stratified random sample of 955 children and adolescents aged 6 to 12 years-old (473 boys and 482 girls) attending public schools in the urban area of Arequipa (Peru). The evaluated variables included body mass (kg) and height (m) values and the body mass index. Z score and the t test for paired measurements were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The boys had similar values of body mass when compared with the reference. However, girls showed higher values than the reference at ages six, seven, and ten years-old (p<0.001). For height and body mass index, differences (p<0.001) were noted between the reference and the school children living in areas of moderate altitude for all ages and genders, being the height lower than the reference and the body mass index higher than the reference. Z scores for the body mass index were: boys - 1.0 (six yearsold), 0.69 (seven years-old), 0.50 (eight years-old), 1.20 (nine years-old), 0.75 (ten years-old), 0.41 (11 years-old) and 0.82 (12 years-old); girls - 0.36 (six years-old), 0.53 (seven and eight years-old), 0.48 (nine years-old), 0.89 (10 yearsold), 0.55 (11 years-old), and 0.43 (12 years-old). Conclusions: The body mass index should not be applied to children and adolescents that live in regions of moderate altitude. The linear growth retardation presented by this population directly compromises the results of this index.303314320Dezenberg, C.V., Nagy, T.R., Gower, B.A., Johnson, R., Goran, M.I., Predicting body composition from anthropometry in pre-adolescent children (1999) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 23, pp. 253-259Cossio-Bolaños, M.A., Arruda, M., Gómez, R.A., Características Antropométricas De Niños Y Adolescentes De Altura (2010) Usos Y Representaciones De Las Prácticas Físicas-deportivas De Los Jóvenes Mexicanos, pp. 185-199. , Salazar CM, Figueroa JA, Valdivia JE, López SH, Larios MJ, Mora SW Et Al, Editors. Guadalajara: Universidad ColimaUniversidad VeracruzanaKaufer-Horwitz, M., Toussaint, G., Anthropometric indexes to evaluate pediatric overweight and obesity (2008) Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 65, pp. 502-518Conde, W.L., Monteiro, C.A., Body mass index cutoff points for evaluation of nutritional status in Brazilian children and adolescents (2006) J Pediatr (Rio J), 82, pp. 266-272Frisancho, A.R., Baker, P.T., Altitude and growth: A study of the patterns of physical growth of a high altitude Peruvian Quechua population (1970) Am J Phys Anthrop, 32, pp. 279-292Stinson, S., The physical growth of high altitude Bolivian Aymara children (1980) Am J Phys Anthropol, 52, pp. 377-385Pawson, I.G., Huicho, L., Muro, M., Pacheco, A., Growth of children in two economically diverse Peruvian high-altitude communities (2001) Am J Hum Biol, 13, pp. 323-340Cossio-Bolaños, M.A., Arruda, M., Campo, R.G., Physical growth in children from 6 to 12 years of medium altitude of Arequipa - Peru (3220 msnm) (2009) Rev Int Cienc Deporte, 14, pp. 32-44Omori, K., Greksa, L.P., Growth and health status of preschool Karen higlanders (1993) Ann Hum Biol, 20, pp. 21-30Obert, P., Fellmann, N., Falgairette, G., Bedu, M., van Praagh, E., Kemper, H., The importance of socioeconomic and nutritional conditions rather than altitude on the physical growth of prepubertal Andean highland boys (1994) Ann Hum Biol, 21, pp. 145-154Mispireta, M.L., Rosas, A.M., Velásquez, J.E., Lescano, A.G., Lanata, C.F., Transición nutricional en el Peru ́, 1991-2005 (2007) Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica, 24, pp. 129-135Assessment of differences in linear growth among populations in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (2006) Acta Paediatr, 450 (SUPPL.), pp. 56-65. , WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study GroupTaylor, R.W., Jones, I.E., Williams, S.M., Goulding, A., Body fat percentages measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry corresponding to recently recommended body mass index cutoffs for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 3-18 y (2002) Am J Clin Nutr, 76, pp. 1416-1421Zimmermann, M.B., Gübeli, C., Püntener, C., Molinari, L., Detection of overweight and obesity in a national sample of 6-12-y-old Swiss children: Accuracy and validity of reference values for body mass index from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the International Obesity Task Force (2004) Am J Clin Nutr, 79, pp. 838-843Schmidt-Nielsen, K., (1984) Scaling: Why is Animal Size So Important?, , New York: Cambridge University PressLara-Esqueda, A., Aguilar-Salinas, C.A., Velazquez-Monroy, O., Gómez-Pérez, F.J., Rosas-Peralta, M., Mehta, R., The body mass index is a less-sensitive tool for detecting cases with obesity-associated co-morbidities in short stature subjects (2004) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28, pp. 1443-1450(2005) Instituto Nacional De Estadística E Informática. Encuesta Demográfica Y De Salud Familiar 2004-2005, , Lima: INEIRoss, W.D., Marfell-Jones, M.J., Kinanthropometry (1991) Physiological Tests For Elite Athletes, pp. 223-308. , MacDougall JD, Wenger HA, Geen HJ, editors, London: Human KineticsFernández, L.J.A., Remesar, X., Alemany, M., Ventajas teóricas del índice de Rohrer (P/A3) sobre el índice de masa corporal (P/A2) para la estimación de la adiposidad en humanos (2005) Rev Esp Obes, 3, pp. 47-55Beall, C., Baker, P.T., Baker, T.S., Haas, J.D., The effects of high altitude on adolescent growth in southern Peruvian Ameridians (1977) Hum Biol, 49, pp. 109-124Stinson, S., The effect of high altitude on the growth of children of high socioeconomic status in Bolivia (1982) Am J Phys Anthropol, 59, pp. 61-71Greksa, L.P., Growth and development of Andean high altitude residents (2006) High Alt Med Biol, 7, pp. 116-124Gonzales, G.F., Villena, A., Body mass index and age at menarche in Peruvian children living at high altitude and at sea level (1996) Hum Biol, 68, pp. 265-275Pawson, I.G., Huicho, L., Persistence of growth stunting in a Peruvian high altitude community, 1964-1999 (2010) Am J Hum Biol, 22, pp. 367-374Peltz, G., Aguirre, M.T., Sanderson, M., Fadden, M.K., The role of fat mass index in determining obesity (2010) Am J Hum Biol, 22, pp. 639-647Al Herbish, A.S., El Mouzan, M.I., Al Salloum, A.A., Al Qureshi, M.M., Al Omar, A.A., Foster, P.J., Body mass index in Saudi Arabian children and adolescents: A national reference and comparison with international standards (2009) Ann Saudi Med, 29, pp. 342-347Guilland, J.C., Klepping, J., Nutritional alterations at high altitude in man (1985) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 54, pp. 517-523Tschöp, M., Strasburger, C.J., Hartmann, G., Biollaz, J., Bärtsch, P., Raised leptin concentrations at high altitude associated with loss of appetite (1998) Lancet, 352, pp. 1119-1120Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S., Westerterp, K.R., Rubbens, M., Verwegen, C.R., Richelet, J.P., Gardette, B., Appetite at "high altitude" [Operation Everest III (Comex-'97)]: A simulated ascent of Mount Everest (1999) J Appl Physiol, 87, pp. 391-39

Study Of Physical Growth Of Students To Moderate Altitude Using Arm Muscle Area By Height And Age

Objective. To compare the physical growth of schoolchildren to moderate altitude with reference standards proposed by Frisancho and Tracer for arm muscle area by height and Frisancho for arm muscle area by age. Method. A cross-sectional study of urban schoolchildren in the province of Arequipa (Perú). The sample was stratified by age and sex, with 473 men and 482 women ranging in age from 6 to 12 years for belonging to the education system at primary level socioeconomic status Peruvian media. Anthropometric variables were assessed weight, height, arm circumference and triceps skinfold and arm muscle area for height and age. Data were compared by Z scores according to the fraction: 100 log (percentile of the reference / percentile calculated). The differences between the sample and reference were analyzed by the paired t test with a significance of p < 0.001. Results. The values of the reference arm muscle areas in relation to height and age are higher in comparison with students of moderate altitude. Was observed 2 years behind men and women according to the comparison with age-muscle area. Similarly, using the muscle area by height 17cm lag was observed in men and 20cm in women. Conclusions. Overall, the results suggest the physical growth retardation and muscle linear, attributing this phenomenon to environmental factors such as altitude. © 2013 Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte.626672Rosenbloom, A., Fisiologia del crecimiento (2007) Ann Nestle [Esp], 65, pp. 99-110Cameron, N., Growth patterns in adverse environments (2007) Am J Hum Biol, 19, pp. 615-621Cossio-Bolanos, M.A., Arruda, M., Nunez Alvarez, V., Lancho Alonso, J.L., Efectos de la altitud sobre el crecimiento fisico en ninos y adolescentes (2011) Rev Andal Med Deporte., 4 (2), pp. 71-76Malina, R., Bouchard, C., Beunen, G., Human growth: Selected aspects of current research on well-nourished children (1988) Annual Review of Anthropology., 17, pp. 187-219Frisancho, A.R., Tracer, D., Standards of arm muscle by stature for assessment of nutritional status of children (1987) Am J Phys Anthropol., 73, pp. 469-475Frisancho, A.R., Baker, P.T., Altitude and growth -A study of the pattern of physical growth of a high altitude Peruvian Quechua population (1970) Am J Phys. Anthrop, 32, pp. 279-292Stinson, S., The physical growth of high altitude Bolivian Aymara children (1980) Am J Phys Anthropol., 52 (3), pp. 377-385Pawson, I., Huicho, L., Muro, M., Pacheco, A., Growth of children in two economically diverse Peruvian high-altitude communities (2001) American Journal of Human Biology., 13 (3), pp. 323-340Frisancho, A.R., Triceps skinfold and upper arm muscle size norms for assessment of nutritional status (1974) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition., 27 (10), pp. 1052-1058Daley, B., Maliakal, R., Dressen, E., Driscoll, D., Bristrian, B., Rapid clinical assessment of kidney function based on arm muscle circumference and serum creatinine (1994) Nutrition., 10, pp. 128-131Erfan, M., El Ruby, M., Monir, Z., Anwar, Z., Upper arm muscle area by height: An indicator for growth and nutritional status of Egyptian children and adolescents (2003) Egypt Med J., 2, pp. 139-153Frisancho, A.R., (1990) Anthropometric Standardization for the Assessment of Growth and Nutritional Status, , The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor, MichiganRamirez, A., Exposicion toxicologica en las grandes alturas:.es necesario corregir los valores limite umbral de exposicion de toxicos? (2011) An Fac Med., 72 (1), pp. 61-67Frisancho, A.R., New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status (1981) Am J Clin Nutr., 34, pp. 2540-2545Bartsch, P., Saltin, B., Dvorak, J., Consensus statement on playing football at different altitude (2008) Scand J Med Sports., 18 (SUPPL. I), pp. 96-99Cossio-Bolanos, M.A., Crescimento fisico e desempenho motor em criancas de 6-12 anos de condicao socioeconomica media da area urbana de Arequipa (Peru) (2004) Dissertacao de Mestrado. Unicamp/FEF. CampinasBustamante, A., Seabra, A., Garganta, R., Maia, J., Efectos de la actividad fisica y el nivel socioeconomico en el sobrepeso y obesidad de escolares Lima Este, 2005 (2007) Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica., 24 (2), pp. 121-128Gonzales, G., Crespo-Retes, I., Guerra-Garcia, R., Secular change in growth of native children and adolescent at high altitude I. 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Real-world data from the Portuguese Nivolumab Expanded Access Program (EAP) in previously treated Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Objective: The main aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of Nivolumab, an immune-checkpoint-inhibitor antibody, in advanced, previously treated, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients, in a real world setting. Methods: We performed a retrospective, multicentre data analysis of patients who were included in the Portuguese Nivolumab Expanded Access Program (EAP). Eligibility criteria included histologically or citologically confirmed NSCLC, stage IIIB and IV, evaluable disease, sufficient organ function and at least one prior line of chemotherapy. The endpoints included Overall Response Rate (ORR), Disease Control Rate (DCR), Progression Free Survival (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS). Safety analysis was performed with the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 4.0, and immune-related Adverse Events (irAEs) were treated according to protocol treatment guidelines. Tumour response was assessed using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) version 1.1. Data was analysed using SPSS, version 21.0 (IBM Statistics). Results: From June 2015 to December 2016, a total of 229 patients with advanced NSCLC were enrolled at 30 Portuguese centres. Clinical data were collected up to the end of July 2018. The baseline median age was 64 years (range 37-83) and the majority of patients were males (70.3%) and former/current smokers (69.4%). Patients with non-squamous histology predominated (88.1%), and 67.6% of the patients had received 2 or more prior lines of chemotherapy. Out of 229 patients, data was available for 219 patients (3 patients did not start treatment, while data was unavailable in 7 patients); of the 219 patients, 15.5% were not evaluated for radiological tumour assessment, 1.4% had complete response (CR), 21% partial response (PR), 31% stable disease (SD) and 31.1% progressive disease (PD). Thus, the ORR was 22.4% and DCR was 53.4% in this population. At the time of survival analysis the median PFS was 4.91 months (95% CI, 3.89-6.11) and median OS was 13.21 months (95% CI, 9.89-16.53). The safety profile was in line with clinical trial data. Conclusions: Efficacy and safety results observed in this retrospective analysis were consistent with observations reported in clinical trials and from other centres.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio