CONSUMPTION OF THE LICHEN ROCCELLA GRACILIS BY THE LARGE GROUND-FINCH GEOSPIZA MAGNIROSTRIS ON THE ISLAND OF DAPHNE MAJOR (GALÁPAGOS)

This note reports a trophic interaction of a passerine consuming lichens. On the islet of Daphne Major (Galápagos Archipelago), we made five observations of the Large Ground-Finch Geospiza magnirostris eating the fruticose lichen Roccella gracilis. This is an example of how island birds broaden their feeding niche in resource-poor environments

Assessing the local perception of climate change in a small island : a case study

The effects of climate change are global, but small islands are among the most vulnerable places. Local populations on small islands might have a ground-based perspective of the impacts that threaten them. This study was undertaken on Corvo (Azores), where 34% of the residents of both genders and different education levels were surveyed. Here, their understanding of climate change and their perception of its local impacts, the sense of risk, the local areas at risk, the willingness to propose mitigation and adaptation strategies, and the knowledge of regional procedures was analysed. Education played a crucial role in local understanding. The general perception was that the regional policies were insufficient to address climate change issues at the local level. This fact points out that the efforts to mitigate climate change impacts, and the public participation procedures for supporting policy-making, must be significantly increased and improved, in order to reach a real impact on local island communities.Overtourism in Spanish Coastal Destinations, Tourism Degrowth Strategies project (RTI2018094844-B-C31); 'Agencia Canaria de Investigacion, Innovacion y Sociedad de la Informacion' (ACIISI) (IPI2017010110)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Studying the effects of multiple invasive mammals on Cory’s shearwater nest survival

The most common invasive mammals—mice, rats, and cats—have been introduced to islands around the world, where they continue to negatively affect native biodiversity. The eradication of those invasive mammals has had positive effects on many species of seabirds. However, the removal of one invasive mammal species may result in abundance changes of other species due to trophic and competitive interactions among species. Understanding the overall impact of several invasive species is a key challenge when evaluating the possible effects of eradication programmes. Here we assess the influence of the three most common invasive mammals on nest survival of Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea). We monitored six breeding colonies over 3 years and measured the activity of mice, rats and cats to examine the influence of invasive mammals on nest survival. We found that nest survival showed a similar temporal trend in all years, with lowest weekly survival probabilities shortly after chicks hatched. Cats were identified as major predators of chicks, but no measure of colony-specific cat activity was able to adequately explain variation in shearwater nest survival. Nest survival was on average 0.38 (95 % confidence interval 0.20–0.53) and varied among colonies as well as over time. We found a small positive influence of rats on nest survival, which may indicate that the presence of small rodents as alternative prey may reduce cat predation of chicks. Our findings suggest that the eradication of rodents alone may exacerbate the adverse effects of cats on shearwater nest survival.This work was included in the project LIFE07 NAT/P/000649 ‘Safe Islands for Seabirds’, coordinated by the Portuguese Society for the Study of Birds and co-financed by the European Commission.Peer Reviewe

Spatio-temporal variation in plant-pollinator interactions: a multilayer network approach [Dataset]

1 table.Despite the dynamic nature of communities, most research typically treated interaction networks as static entities, and only a few analysed the spatial and the temporal scales simultaneously. Here, we used spatial and temporal multilayer networks to explore the persistence of species and interactions in space and time, as well as the variation of species role (centrality) according to biotic factors. We further investigated, for the first time, the spatio-temporal variation in multilayer network structure. Species exhibited substantial turnover across time mainly due to differences in species phenology. In contrast, interaction turnover was more pronounced across habitats, which seems to be a common strategy of pollinators to adjust interactions spatially to different ecological scenarios. Plant species were comparatively more important to the cohesiveness of spatial than temporal networks whereas the centrality of pollinators correlated between scales. The importance of plant species fluctuated temporally due mainly to changes in flower density, whereas that of pollinators fluctuated in space and time according to their relative abundance. Module composition was highly unstable in time. Species were highly capable of changing partners and module affiliation across both scales. We conclude that plant-pollinator interactions are highly dynamic in space and time and that there are differences between plants and pollinators in their use of resources across habitats and subseasons with implications for the understanding of functional connectivity and multilayer structure.This project (Ref. #: Polin_Menorca 096) was funded by the Menorca Biosphere Reserve.Peer reviewe

Ecología e impacto de los mamíferos invasores en ecosistemas insulares: la isla de Corvo, Archipiélago de las Azores

Esta investigación se ha centrado en analizar el impacto directo e indirecto de los tres mamíferos invasores más comunes en los ecosistemas insulares (el ratón casero Mus domesticus, la rata negra Rattus rattus y el gato Felis silvestris catus), sobre la pardela cenicienta (Calonectris diomedea borealis). El trabajo se ha desarrollado en Corvo, que es la isla más remota del Archipiélago de las Azores y la última en ser descubierta y colonizada, por lo que la introducción de mamíferos invasores ocurrió en una época relativamente más reciente (aproximadamente en el año 1600). Por este motivo, esta isla preserva una gran diversidad de especies de aves marinas y la población más importante de pardela. A pesar de que otras especies de aves marinas (por ejemplo, el paíño de Madeira Oceanodroma castro o la pardela chica Puffinus assimilis) formaban colonias numerosas en el pasado, hoy día las poblaciones de estas especies han sufrido un drástico declive debido, principalmente, a la depredación por los mamíferos introducidos. Hasta el momento se desconoce el impacto de estos mamíferos en el éxito reproductor de la población de pardelas, sin embargo, esta información es útil a la hora de adoptar medidas de conservación. El propósito de este trabajo ha sido evaluar el impacto de múltiples mamíferos invasores coexistiendo en la isla de Corvo sobre el éxito reproductor de las pardelas. Aunque este impacto nunca ha sido estudiado de forma conjunta para varios mamíferos exóticos, teóricamente se sabe que puede ser diferente al producido por cada especie de forma aislada. Para ello, se han abordado diferentes aspectos ecológicos de estos mamíferos así como también las interacciones establecidas entre los mismos. Combinando información sobre el comportamiento trófico con los datos de abundancia y actividad en las inmediaciones de las colonias de pardela, se pudieron dilucidar dos tipos de interacciones entre las especies depredadoras de pardelas, las cuales influyen en el éxito reproductor de las pardelas. A pesar de que únicamente las relaciones letales (depredador-presa) han sido evidenciadas en las poblaciones de aves marinas, esta investigación abordó, además, el impacto indirecto de los depredadores afectando la intensidad de ectoparásitos de las pardelas. Los cuatro estudios científicos que engloban esta investigación demuestran que los gatos son los principales responsables del bajo éxito reproductor de las pardelas en la isla de Corvo. En relación a los roedores, únicamente las ratas depredan huevos y crías de pardela aunque no se rechaza la posibilidad de que los ratones también actúen como depredadores en ausencia de mamíferos invasores de un nivel trófico superior. Si bien cuando las pardelas están presentes en la isla éstas son intensamente depredadas por gatos, en aquellas colonias donde la abundancia de ratas es elevada, los gatos podrían depredar más ratas, favoreciendo así el éxito reproductor de las pardelas. Los dos depredadores de pardela (gatos y ratas) podrían competir, parcialmente, por la misma presa (pardelas). Sin embargo, las ratas parecen tener un impacto pequeño sobre el éxito reproductor de las pardelas. Esto es probablemente debido al tamaño reducido de sus poblaciones y a la elevada tasa de mortalidad, ya que constituyen la fuente de alimento más importante para los gatos. Por tanto, existe la posibilidad de que el comportamiento depredador de las ratas este siendo moderado por este felino. Por último, la presencia de depredadores en las proximidades de los nidos, además, incrementa la intensidad de ectoparásitos de las pardelas. Este impacto indirecto de los depredadores y ectoparásitos sobre las pardelas merece una atención especial, ya que afecta a la condición corporal, a la supervivencia de la nidada y, por tanto, a la salud de los individuos. La información recogida en este trabajo sobre la ecología de los mamíferos invasores en un ecosistema insular, es importante para implementar medidas que aumenten el éxito reproductor de las pardelas. Dicho aumento puede ayudar a enfrentar las amenazas sobre la población de adultos (por ejemplo las capturas accidentales en las redes de pesca) y contribuir para la sobrevivencia de las pardelas, evitando así daños irreversibles como los sufridos por otras especies vecinas. SUMMARY This research was focused on the direct and indirect impact of the three most common invasive mammals in insular ecosystems (house mouse Mus domesticus, black rat Rattus rattus and cat Felis silvestris catus) on Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea borealis). The work has been carried out on Corvo, the most remote island of the Azores Archipelago and the last to be discovered and colonized. Consequently, the introduction of invasive mammals occurred more recently (approximately 1600). Therefore, Corvo supports a high diversity of seabird species and the largest population of Cory's shearwater. Although colonies of other seabird species (e.g. Madeiran storm petrel Oceanodroma castro or little shearwater Puffinus assimilis) were numerous in a recent past, today their populations have strongly declined mainly due to predation by introduced mammals. The impact of these mammals on Cory’s shearwater breeding success is unknown, however, this information is required to develop needed conservation measures. For each of the three invasive mammal species targeted in this study, evidence of their individual negative effects on seabird populations can be found within the scientific literature. However, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the overall impact of all coexisting invasive mammals on Corvo Island on the breeding success of Cory’s shearwaters. To achieve this, different ecological aspects of these mammals were studied as well as their relationships. Combining data on trophic behavior with activity around the Cory’s shearwater colonies could be observed two interactions established between cats and rats, which influenced the Cory’s shearwater breeding success. Although only evidence for lethal relationships (predator-prey) has been demostrated in seabirds, this research also addressed the indirect impact of predators influencing the ectoparasite intensity of Cory’s shearwater. The four scientific studies that encompassed this research showed that cats are principally responsible for the low breeding success of Cory’s shearwaters on Corvo Island. Among rodent species, only rats prey upon Cory’s shearwater nests; however mice could act as predators in the absence of invasive mammals occupying a higher trophic level. Even if Cory’s shearwaters were intensely preyed upon by cats during the breeding season, the availability of rats could limit cat predation of Cory’s shearwater chicks. Both predators of Cory’s shearwater (cats and rats) can compete for the same prey (Cory’s shearwaters); however rats seem to have a little impact on Cory’s shearwaters. This is probably due to the low abundance of rats and a high level of predation by cats as rats are their most important food source. Therefore, the predator behavior of rats could be moderated by cats. Lastly, the presence of predators in the vicinity of the nests increased Cory’s shearwater ectoparasite intensity. This indirect impact of predators and ectoparasites on Cory’s shearwaters deserved special attention because it affects body condition, nest survival, and, hence, the health of individuals. The information included in this research about the ecology of invasive mammals in insular ecosystems, is important for developing measures than can contribute to increase breeding success. Such increases can help address threats to the adult population (for example, bycatch in fishing nets) and contribute to the survival of Cory’s shearwaters, thus avoiding irreversible damage as that suffered by neighboring species

Spatio-temporal variation in plant-pollinator interactions [Dataset]

1 table.Despite the dynamic nature of communities, most research typically treated interaction networks as static entities, and only a few analysed the spatial and the temporal scale simultaneously. Here, we used spatial and temporal multilayer networks to explore the persistence of species and interactions in space and time, as well as the variation of species importance according to biotic factors. We further investigated, for the first time, the spatio-temporal variation in multilayer network structure. Species exhibited substantial turnover across time mainly due to fluctuations in phenology. In contrast, interaction turnover was more pronounced across habitats, which seems to be a common strategy of pollinators to adjust interactions spatially to different ecological scenarios. Overall, species were comparatively more important to the cohesiveness of spatial than of temporal networks. The importance of plant species fluctuated temporally due mainly to changes in flower density, whereas that of pollinators fluctuated in space and time according to the abundance. Module composition was highly unstable in time, and species were highly capable of changing partners and module affiliation across both scales. These findings emphasise the importance of avoiding not only habitat loss but also habitat fragmentation to maintain highly connected habitats in terms of species interactions.Peer reviewe

Low Pollinator Sharing Between Coexisting Native and Non-native Plant Pairs: The Effect of Corolla Length and Flower Abundance

Understanding the mechanisms by which non-native plants can attract pollinators in their new geographical zones is important because such species infiltrate native communities and can disrupt native ecological interactions. Despite the large number of studies assessing how invasive plants impact plant–pollinator interactions, the specific comparison of pollination interactions between native and non-native plant pairs has received much less attention. Here we focused on four coexisting co-flowering pairs of common native and non-native species, both with abundant flowers but different floral traits, and asked: (1) to what extent native and non-native plants share pollinator species, and whether the non-native plants attract a different set of pollinators, (2) whether the most shared pollinators are the most frequent floral visitors and the most generalized in their interactions, and (3) how much of the variation in the diversity and frequency of pollinator species between native and non-native plant species can be explained by floral trait dissimilarity and flower abundance. Direct pollinator observations revealed that the plant pairs shared a low fraction (0–33%) of insect species, i.e., non-native plants tended to acquire a different set of pollinators than their native counterparts. The most shared pollinators in each plant pair were the most common but not the most generalized species, and non-native species attracted both generalized and specialized pollinators. Corolla length at opening and flower abundance showed to be important in determining the differences in flower visitation rate between natives and non-natives. Our findings support the general pattern that non-native species have no barriers at the pollination stage to integrate into native communities and that they may attract a different assemblage of pollinators relative to those that visit native plants with which they coexist.This study was framed within project GLC2017-88122-P financed to AT by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities

Selective forces on the maintenance of outcrossing in an almost exclusively cleistogamous violet species

[Premise]: Cleistogamous species constitute interesting study systems to resolve the longstanding question of how outcrossing is maintained given that seed production is ensured through selfing. In this work, we investigate the selective forces that allow the persistence of producing self-pollinated cleistogamous (CL) and chasmogamous (CH) flowers in Viola jaubertiana Marès & Vigin.[Methods]: We monitored three populations at different elevation for two years, and studied the flowering phenology and the relative contribution of each flower morph to parental fitness. We tested whether allocation to CH and CL flowers differed across populations and if it covaried with herbivory and water stress conditions. We also performed hand-pollination and bagging experiments in CH flowers to estimate inbreeding depression and heterosis.[Results]: The CH flowers open in winter under unfavorable conditions for pollination, show high pollen limitation and no-delayed selfing, and thus produce a low amount of seeds. Conversely, CL flowers appear in early spring, are physiologically cheaper to produce (i.e., dry weight is 3.4 times lower than that of CH flowers), and yield approximately 100 times more seeds than CH flowers. The CH flowers were favored under water stress and low herbivory. Crosses between populations showed up to 25% greater fitness than those within populations.[Conclusions]: Despite the great pollen limitation in CH flowers, we suggest that the interaction among different environmental determinants and heterosis are probably sufficient forces to maintain chasmogamy in this long-lived species, reducing deleterious fixed mutations in the selfed lines.Jaume Seguí was supported by the Graduate Fellowship Program cofunded by the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Government of the Balearic Islands (Conselleria d'Educació i Universitat).Peer reviewe

Dispersal of fern spores by Galápagos finches

Fern sporangia may provide an important source of energy for bird species, which in turn can act as potential dispersers of viable spores. This study reports the first case of fern spore dispersal by land birds. We document the consumption of fern sporangia and evaluate the potential spore dispersal by Galápagos finches on Santa Cruz Island. Overall, 18% of the 34 sampled individuals of three finch species, the Vegetarian Finch (Platyspiza crassirostris), the Small Ground Finch (Geospiza fuliginosa) and the Medium Ground Finch (Geospiza fortis), were found to disperse viable spores of two native ferns, Asplenium auritum and Asplenium feei.This research was undertaken within project CGL2017-88122-P funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain.Peer Reviewe

Drivers of Ecological and Evolutionary Disruptions in the Seed Dispersal Process: Research Trends and Biases

As the sole opportunity for most plants to move, seed dispersal influences the biodiversity and functioning of plant communities. Global change drivers have the potential to disrupt seed dispersal processes, affecting plant communities and ecosystem functions. Even though much information is available on the effects of seed dispersal disruption (SDD), we still lack a comprehensive understanding of its main causes at a global scale, as well as the potential knowledge gaps derived from research biases. Here we present a systematic review of biotic and abiotic SDDs to ascertain the global change drivers addressed, dispersal modes impacted, plant processes affected, and spatial focus of existing research on this topic up-to-date. Although there are many modes of dispersal and global change drivers in temperate and tropical ecosystems worldwide, research efforts have predominantly addressed the effect of alien species for biotic seed dispersal in temperate systems and oceanic islands as well as how defaunation of bird or mammal dispersers has affected seed removal in the Neotropics. SDD studies were also biased toward forest ecosystems, with few in shrublands or grasslands. Finally, the effects of climate change, ecological consequences at the whole community level, and evolutionary changes were largely unrepresented in SDD studies. These trends are likely due to a combination of true geographic and ecological patterns in seed dispersal and global change and bias in research focus. We conclude that increased research investment in the less-studied systems and a better understanding of potential synergies and feedback between multiple global change drivers will be important to forecast the threats to plant biodiversity and those ecosystem functions derived from seed dispersal in the Anthropocene.This work was supported by the Balearic Government to ID and SH-P, and the Spanish Ministry of Science to AT (project CGL2017-88122-P and PID2020-114324GB-C21).Peer reviewe