Vertrauensbasierte Laufzeitüberwachung verteilter komponentenstrukturierter E-Commerce-Software

Die Entwicklung komponentenstrukturierter E-Commerce-Software ist kostengünstig und schnell, da man die Systeme recht einfach aus wiederverwendbaren Softwarekomponenten zusammensetzt. Allerdings führt diese Entwurfsmethode zu einer neuen Art an Problemen für die Datensicherheit dieser Systeme. Insbesondere besteht die Gefahr, dass eine bösartige Komponente die gesamte Anwendung, in die sie eingebunden ist, bedroht. Zur Abwehr dieser Gefahr verwenden wir Security Wrapper, die das Verhalten von Komponenten zur Laufzeit überwachen und die Sicherheitsanforderungen der Anwendung durchsetzen. Ein Security Wrapper beobachtet das Verhalten an der Schnittstelle einer Komponenten und vergleicht es mit den vom Komponentenentwickler garantierten Sicherheitspolicies, die in der Komponentenspezifikation formal beschrieben werden. Wir stellen vor, wie man die Sicherheitspolicies zustandsbasiert beschreibt und führen eine Sammlung an Spezifikationsmustern ein, aus denen man die Modelle der Sicherheitspolicies für eine Komponente ableitet. Schließlich zeigen wir den Einsatz der Security Wrapper anhand eines E-Procurement- Beispiels. Darüberhinaus erläutern wir, wie man unter Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen anderer Nutzer mit einer Komponente den Aufwand der Laufzeittests reduzieren kann. Dazu verwenden wir einen speziellen Vertrauensmanagement-Service, der gute und schlechte Erfahrungen unterschiedlicher Benutzer mit Komponenten verwaltet. Abhängig von diesen Erfahrungsberichten können die Security Wrapper das Ausmaß der Überwachung absenken, indem sie anstatt einer vollständigen Überwachung nur Stichproben durchführen oder die Überwachung sogar abbrechen

Size Dependent Plasmonic Effect on BiVO4 Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting.

Plasmonic nanostructures show great promise in enhancing the solar water splitting efficiency due to their ability to confine light to extremely small volumes inside semiconductors. While size plays a critical role in the plasmonic performance of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), its influence on plasmon-assisted water splitting is still not fully understood. This holds especially true for low band gap semiconductors, for which interband excitations occur in wavelength regions that overlap with plasmonic resonances. Here, BiVO4 films are modified with AuNPs of diameters varying from 10 to 80 nm to study the size dependence of the plasmonic effect. Plasmon resonance energy transfer (PRET) is found to be the dominant effect in enhancing the water splitting efficiency of BiVO4. "Hot electron" injection effect is weak in the case of BiVO4/AuNP. This is attributed to the interband excitation of BiVO4, which is unfavourable for the hot electrons accumulation in BiVO4 conduction band. The resonant scattering effect also contributes to the enhanced water splitting efficiency for the larger diameter AuNPs. It is also for the first time found that higher PRET effect can be achieved at larger off-normal irradiation angle

Blood pressure variability after intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke does not predict intracerebral hemorrhage but poor outcome

Background: The relevance of blood pressure variability (BPV) in the development of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in acute stroke still remains uncertain. Methods: 427 consecutive patients treated with IVT in the years 2007-2009 were studied. Blood pressure (BP) values were analyzed from admission to follow-up imaging scan and described as mean, maximum, minimum, standard deviation (SD), difference between maximum and minimum, successive variation (SV) and maximum SV. ICH was categorized based on radiologic criteria and symptomatic ICH (sICH) was defined as ICH plus worsening of the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale by 6 4 points or leading to death. Three-month outcome was described by means of the modified Rankin Scale. Results: We observed any ICH in 51 (11.9%) and sICH in 10 (2.3%) patients. Systolic and diastolic BP profiles, including mean, maximum, minimum, SD, difference between maximum and minimum, SV and maximum SV, did not differ between ICH-negative, ICH-positive and sICH patients

Design of Eco-Efficient Body Parts for Electric Vehicles Considering Life Cycle Environmental Information

The reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the entire life cycle of vehicles has become part of the strategic objectives in automotive industry. In this regard, the design of future body parts should be carried out based on information of life cycle GHG emissions. The substitution of steel towards lightweight materials is a major trend, with the industry undergoing a fundamental shift towards the introduction of electric vehicles (EV). The present research aims to support the conceptual design of body parts with a combined perspective on mechanical performance and life cycle GHG emissions. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the GHG impact of EV in the use phase depends on vehicle-specific factors that may not be specified at the conceptual design stage of components, such as the market-specific electricity mix used for vehicle charging. A methodology is proposed that combines a simplified numerical design of concept alternatives and an analytic approach estimating life cycle GHG emissions. It is applied to a case study in body part design based on a set of principal geometries and load cases, a range of materials (aluminum, glass and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP, CFRP) as substitution to a steel reference) and different use stage scenarios of EV. A new engineering chart was developed, which helps design engineers to compare life cycle GHG emissions of lightweight material concepts to the reference. For body shells, the replacement of the steel reference with aluminum or GFRP shows reduced lifecycle GHG emissions for most use phase scenarios. This holds as well for structural parts being designed on torsional stiffness. For structural parts designed on tension/compression or bending stiffness CFRP designs show lowest lifecycle GHG emissions. In all cases, a high share of renewable electricity mix and a short lifetime pose the steel reference in favor. It is argued that a further elaboration of the approach could substantially increase transparency between design choices and life cycle GHG emissions

Self-aligned colloidal lithography for controllable and tuneable plasmonic nanogaps.

Au nanoparticles (NPs) deposited on a substrate function as ring shaped colloidal shadow masks. Using e-beam evaporation of gold, nanometer sized gaps are formed as a result. The size of these gaps can be accurately tuned by controlling the thickness of the gold deposition, thereby tuning the plasmonic coupling of the NPs with the substrate. The clean cavity produced between the Au NPs and the Au film provides an excellent SERS platform for trace molecule detection.The authors acknowledge the fi nancial support of this research from EPSRC grant EP/G060649/1, EP/I012060/1, and ERC grant LINASS 320503. FB acknowledges support from the Winton Pro-gramme for the Physics of Sustainability.This article was originally published in Small, 2015, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402639

Facile Fabrication of Spherical Nanoparticle-Tipped AFM Probes for Plasmonic Applications.

We wish to acknowledge the support of grants UK EPSRC EP/G060649/1, EP/H007024/1, a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF 298012 to L.Z.), ERC LINASS 320503, and Royal Society IE120879. R.W.B. thanks Queens’ College, Cambridge for financial support.This is the final published version. It originally appeared in Particle & Particle Systems Characterization and is available in http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppsc.201400104/abstract

Nanoimprint lithography of Al nanovoids for deep-UV SERS.

Deep-ultraviolet surface-enhanced Raman scattering (UV-SERS) is a promising technique for bioimaging and detection because many biological molecules possess UV absorption lines leading to strongly resonant Raman scattering. Here, Al nanovoid substrates are developed by combining nanoimprint lithography of etched polymer/silica opal films with electron beam evaporation, to give a high-performance sensing platform for UV-SERS. Enhancement by more than 3 orders of magnitude in the UV-SERS performance was obtained from the DNA base adenine, matching well the UV plasmonic optical signatures and simulations, demonstrating its suitability for biodetection.We acknowledge financial support from EPSRC grant EP/G060649/1, EP/I012060/1, EP/J007552/1, ERC grant LINASS 320503.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from ACS via http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am505511

Towards Quantitative Factory Life Cycle Evaluation

Manufacturing companies face the challenge of understanding and improving complex factory systems in order to stay competitive in a turbulent environment. Interrelated and overlapping life cycles of products and physical factory elements (e.g. machine tools, technical building services, building shell) are challenges to be handled in factory planning and operation. This work discusses both qualitative and quantitative factory life cycle models, analyzing addressed sustainability goals. Due to the lack of quantitative life cycle description models on higher system levels, a concept for aggregating life cycle models from shop floor up to site level is developed. The concept is consequently applied in a case study where cost curves are calculated over the factory's life span and are aggregated to support factory planning and operation. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

Quantitative multiplexing with nano-self-assemblies in SERS.

Multiplexed or simultaneous detection of multiple analytes is a valuable tool in many analytical applications. However, complications caused by the presence of interfering compounds in a sample form a major drawback in existing molecular sensor technologies, particularly in multi-analyte systems. Although separating analytes through extraction or chromatography can partially address the problem of interferents, there remains a need for developing direct observational tools capable of multiplexing that can be applied in situ. Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is an optical molecular finger-printing technique that has the ability to resolve analytes from within mixtures. SERS has attracted much attention for its potential in multiplexed sensing but it has been limited in its quantitative abilities. Here, we report a facile supramolecular SERS-based method for quantitative multiplex analysis of small organic molecules in aqueous environments such as human urine.The authors thank Ms. Anna Andreou for the 1H-NMR measurements and acknowledge funding from Walters-Kundert Trust, EPSRC (EP/K028510/1, EP/G060649/1, EP/H007024/1, ERC LINASS 320503), an ERC starting investigator grant (ASPiRe 240629), EU CUBiHOLE grant. S.K. thanks Krebs Memorial Scholarship (The Biochemical Society) and Cambridge Commonwealth Trust for funding.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from NPG via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep0678

A 37 kb region upstream of brachyury comprising a notochord enhancer is essential for notochord and tail development

The node-streak border region comprising notochord progenitor cells (NPCs) at the posterior node and neuro-mesodermal progenitor cells (NMPs) in the adjacent epiblast is the prime organizing center for axial elongation in mouse embryos. The T-box transcription factor brachyury (T) is essential for both formation of the notochord and maintenance of NMPs, and thus is a key regulator of trunk and tail development. The T promoter controlling T expression in NMPs and nascent mesoderm has been characterized in detail; however, control elements for T expression in the notochord have not been identified yet. We have generated a series of deletion alleles by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in mESCs, and analyzed their effects in mutant mouse embryos. We identified a 37 kb region upstream of T that is essential for notochord function and tailbud outgrowth. Within that region, we discovered a T-binding enhancer required for notochord cell specification and differentiation. Our data reveal a complex regulatory landscape controlling cell type-specific expression and function of T in NMP/nascent mesoderm and node/notochord, allowing proper trunk and tail development