Optimal environmental drivers of high-mountains forest: Polylepis tarapacana cover evaluation in their southernmost distribution range of the Andes

The Andes Mountains are considered a global biodiversity hotspot, where Polylepis forests are one of the most threatened forests in the area. We evaluate the P. tarapacana forest's distribution and cover and relate this pattern with topographic, climatic and geographic environmental factors at the landscape level. Along 93 plots, forest structure data was conducted according to their homogeneity, accessibility, and size (patches up to > 1 ha each). Hexagon binning processes were used to estimate the forest cover, as the proportion of hexagon area covered by forests, and one-way ANOVAs were conducted to evaluate its variation according to the environmental factors. Our results show that P. tarapacana forests are widely distributed, occupying a forest area of 8519.8 ha among 2462 forest patches and an average of 6.7% of forest cover (1296 hexagons - 129600 ha). According to the findings, the entire forest distribution encompasses a wide range of environmental conditions. We identify that the slopes and elevations were the main environmental drivers that shaped P. tarapacana distribution and cover. Variations in forest area and cover indicate a strong preference for north and east-facing slopes (18 and 24°) and intermediate elevations (4400 - 4500 m a.s.l), with a life zone of Tropical subalpine dry scrub accounting for 62.1%. Our research shows that remote sensing mapping and geographic information systems are effective methods for identifying habitat variables linked to threatened forest cover and evidence of forest vulnerability in the face of continuous global change.Fil: Lopez, Victoria Lien. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Huertas Herrera, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rosas, Yamina Micaela. Universidad de Copenhagen; Dinamarca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cellini, Juan Manuel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentin

Manejo de la quema de pastizales de sabana inundable: una mirada del pueblo originario Saliva en Colombia

El conocimiento histórico que se tiene de las quemas por parte de los pueblos originarios contribuye a entender el papel que cumple el fuego en ecosistemas naturales tropicales y templados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el manejo y la importancia de la quema para el pueblo originario Sáliva en el ecosistema de sabana inundable de Colombia. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, cartografía social y calendarios anuales se obtuvieron las apreciaciones que tienen los Sáliva del fuego en pastizales nativos. La percepción generalizada de que las quemas son perjudiciales se ha insertado en su imaginario, pero se conserva el concepto del fuego como un factor determinante que afecta la sucesión vegetal y su uso mantiene el paisaje de sabana. Antes de ser aculturizados por los jesuitas en costumbres, religión y ganadería bovina, los Sáliva aplicaban fuego para facilitar la caza y los desplazamientos, pero su sometimiento al manejo del ganado cambió la concepción de su aplicación. Se concluyó que en la actualidad los Sáliva no aplican fuego indiscriminadamente, sino que hacen un manejo estratégico con fines agropecuarios y de prevención de incendios y rescatan saberes tradicionales del conocimiento ecosistémico.The historical knowledge about the management of burnings by native peoples allows us to understand the role played by fire in natural tropical and temperate ecosystems. The objective of this work was to describe the management and importance of burning for the native Sáliva people in the flooded savanna ecosystem of Colombia. The assessment that the Sáliva have of fire in native grasslands was obtained through semi-structured interviews, social cartography and annual calendars. The generalized opinion that burnings are harmful is firmly established in their imaginary, but the concept of fire remains as a determining factor affecting plant succession and its use maintains the savanna landscape. Before being acculturized by the Jesuits in customs, religion and cattle rearing, the Sáliva applied fire to facilitate hunting and movement, but their subjection to cattle rearing changed the conception of its application. It is concluded that, at present, the Sáliva do not apply fire indiscriminately; instead, they manage it strategically for agricultural purposes and also rescue traditional knowledge of the ecosystem.Fil: Huertas Herrera, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Briggite Baptiste. Instituto de Investigación Alexander Von Humboldt; ColombiaFil: Toro Manríquez, Mónica del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Hugoberto Huertas Ramírez. Fundacion Horizonte Verde; Colombi

Mapping the status of the North American beaver invasion in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago

Quantifying the presence and environmental impact of invasive species is the starting point for research on management and nature conservation. North American beavers (Castor canadensis) were introduced to Argentina from Canada in 1946, and the species has been identified as a major agent of environmental change in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago in the Anthropocene. We studied the invasion status (distribution and density) of beavers through analyses of the dam densities in the Tierra del Fuego landscapes. We identified beaver dams with a GIS using visual interpretation of high-resolution aerial imagery from Microsoft Bing, Google Earth and HERE and related them to natural environmental gradients. These factors comprised geographic (vegetation zones and distance to streams), climatic (temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration and net primary productivity) and topographic (elevation and slope) data. The datasets (dams and factors) were combined, and the data from the different zonation classes were subsequently compared using ANOVAs and Tukey’s mean comparison tests. Deviations from the mean density (x mean density—x total mean density) were calculated to visualize the deviations for the studied factors. The datasets were also evaluated using principal component analyses (PCA). Our results showed a total of 206,203 beaver dams (100,951 in Argentina and 105,252 in Chile) in the study area (73,000 km2). The main island of Tierra del Fuego presented a greater degree of invasion (73.6% of the total study area) than the rest of the archipelago, especially in areas covered by mixed-evergreen and deciduous forests. The studied geographic, climatic and topographic factors showed positive trends (higher beaver preference) with beaver spread, which were all significant (p <0.05) when compared across the landscape. Although beavers are flexible in their habitat use, our empirical records showed that they had marked preferences and were positively influenced by the most productive forests. Here, we describe a scientific panorama that identified the drivers of species invasion based on satellite data and the available ecological datasets. The identification of such drivers could be useful for developing new tools for management and/or control strategies of the beavers in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.Fil: Huertas Herrera, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Lencinas, María Vanessa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Toro Manríquez, Mónica del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Miller, Juan Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Optimal environmental drivers of high-mountains forest: Polylepis tarapacana cover evaluation in their southernmost distribution range of the Andes

The Andes Mountains are considered a global biodiversity hotspot, where Polylepis forests are one of the most threatened forests in the area. We evaluate the P. tarapacana forest’s distribution and cover and relate this pattern with topographic, climatic and geographic environmental factors at the landscape level. Along 93 plots, forest structure data was conducted according to their homogeneity, accessibility, and size (patches up to > 1 ha each). Hexagon binning processes were used to estimate the forest cover, as the proportion of hexagon area covered by forests, and one-way ANOVAs were conducted to evaluate its variation according to the environmental factors. Our results show that P. tarapacana forests are widely distributed, occupying a forest area of 8519.8 ha among 2462 forest patches and an average of 6.7% of forest cover (1296 hexagons - 129600 ha). According to the findings, the entire forest distribution encompasses a wide range of environmental conditions. We identify that the slopes and elevations were the main environmental drivers that shaped P. tarapacana distribution and cover. Variations in forest area and cover indicate a strong preference for north and east-facing slopes (18 and 24◦) and intermediate elevations (4400 - 4500 m a.s.l), with a life zone of Tropical subalpine dry scrub accounting for 62.1%. Our research shows that remote sensing mapping and geographic information systems are effective methods for identifying habitat variables linked to threatened forest cover and evidence of forest vulnerability in the face of continuous global change.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesLaboratorio de Investigaciones en Mader

Assessing Socio-ecological Systems Using Social Media Data: An Approach for Forested Landscapes in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

The purpose of this study was to analyse how visitors valued a socio-ecological system through the use of social media data. We gathered YouTube´s videos of Ushuaia city and its surrounding forested landscapes (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) posted between 2010 and 2020. We used the screen time (seconds) of each video to compare the value of visitors on biophysical, cultural, and biodiversity attributes of the studied socio-ecological system. Each of the visitors registered differently the same attribute (e.g. mountains, forests, signposts, fauna, among others), therefore we assessed the time each visitor spend on any attribute, that was calculated considering the focus and scale through which it was observed. Based on our analyses, we found a diversity of attributes with different valuation data for each visitor. Attributes were classified as biophysical, cultural, and biodiversity variables, and the origin of the visitors (e.g. regions of the world) was also evaluated, with descriptive and multivariate analyses. Results indicated that visitors give more value to biophysical and cultural attributes compared to local biodiversity. These outputs highlight the need to explore and implement alternative methods to assess the socio-ecological values to achieve management objectives, and to include socio-ecological attributes in the study area as key indicators to create better tools and solutions for conservation issues. In this context, we provide a new insight into how visitors can appreciate different socio-ecological values.Fil: Huertas Herrera, Alejandro. Universidad de Magallanes; Chile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Toro Manríquez, Mónica. Universidad de Magallanes; ChileFil: Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzo, Cristian A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Lencinas, María Vanessa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Rehabilitation of Nothofagus pumilio forests in Chilean Patagonia: can fencing and planting season effectively protect against exotic European hare browsing?

In forests affected by heavy fires and continuous grazing of exotic herbivorous mammal species, Nothofagus pumilio (lenga) cannot recover naturally. The main factors that hinder the natural recovery of these forests and the feasibility of native tree plantations are the exotic herbivorous pressure, like that produced by Lepus europaeus (European hare), and the environment degradation degree by anthropic disturbances. The objective of this study was to evaluate different plantation efforts to recover N. pumilio forests degraded by fires in Chilean Patagonia. The plantation actions also included wire fences for sapling protection in 100 ha, where 60 ha were established during autumn (May 2012), and 40 ha were established during spring (October 2012). In March 2013 we recorded the height annual growth (cm year−1), the section browsed at each sapling, the modification of plant form (number of new branches), and the vigor expression. We evaluated the data using one- and two-way ANOVAs, Cohen's d effect size, and chi-square analyses. We measured a total of 872 plants, where 42% presented damages caused by European hare browsing. These results indicated that the wire fences were not completely useful to stop the damage on saplings (Cohen's d effect size= <0.2). We also found that autumn plantations were more susceptible to damage than those established during spring. European hares predominantly browsed on a particular sapling section: the apical buds. As a consequence, the browsed saplings had lower height growth than undamaged ones. These outputs highlight the need to explore and implement alternative actions for the rehabilitation of these degraded deciduous forests, to achieve the objectives of sustainable management or to recover the natural ecosystem functions.Fil: Huertas Herrera, Alejandro. Ulterarius Consultores Ambientales y Científicos Ltda; Chile. Universidad de Magallanes; Chile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Promis Baeza, Alvaro Andres. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Toro Manríquez, Mónica del Rosario. Universidad de Magallanes; Chile. Ulterarius Consultores Ambientales y Científicos Ltda; Chile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lencinas, María Vanessa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Río, Matias. Fundación Reforestemos Patagonia; Chil

Changes in vegetation of flooded savannas subject to cattle grazing and fire in plains of Colombia

Cattle grazing and fire are common types of management on natural ecosystems, generating several threats to the conservation of native vegetation (e.g., changes in species richness, cover, and abundance, mainly of bovine-palatable species). In this work, we analysed the response of the structure and composition of vegetation managed with different cattle stocking rates and fire in the savanna ecosystems of Colombia. The study was located in the eastern area of the Llanos region, where savannas were subjected to grazing and burning. Regarding grazing, we classified the area according to the cattle stocking rate (Bos indicus ~300 kg): NG = non-grazed, LS = low stocking rate (0.5 ind ha-1 yr-1), and HS = high stocking rate (1.0 ind ha-1 yr-1). Controlled artificial burning was applied in all the area at the beginning of the study, and surveys were conducted in the same plots at pre-burn (t0) and four post-burn times (t1, t2, t3, t4), at 15, 45, 75 and 105 days after burning. Vegetation composition (species list, life-form, palatability) and structure (bare soil and vascular plant ground covers, species height and richness) were recorded at each sampling. Data were compared through ANOVAs and multivariate analyses. We found 53 species in total: 26 in the pre-burn treatment and 44 in the post-burn treatments, detecting an increase of 18 species considering all treatments. Seven natives and two exotic species represented the dominant cover (>50%). LS and HS had the highest number of palatable species in t0 (seven species) compared with NG (two species), but this became similar after burning (14 species in NG, 12 in LS, and 11 in HS). ANOVAs and multivariate analyses showed that plant assemblages were significantly different according to the grazing treatment, and more homogeneous in pre-burn than in post-burn periods. Cattle grazing favored higher covers of dominant palatable species (e.g., Axonopus purpusii) compared with NG, but many native species with high palatability only recovered within the system after burning. In the context of the current management proposals, the search for new alternatives other than intensive cattle grazing and burning is needed to reconcile human production activities, international commitments against climate change and biodiversity conservation in the savanna landscapes.Fil: Huertas Herrera, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Baptiste Ballera, Brigitte L.G.. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt; ColombiaFil: Toro Manríquez, Mónica del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Lencinas, María Vanessa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Huerta Ramírez, Hugoberto. Fundación Horizonte Verde; Colombi

Forest canopy-cover composition and landscape influence on bryophyte communities in Nothofagus forests of southern Patagonia

Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) are one of the most diverse plant groups worldwide but one of the least studied in temperate forests from an ecological perspective. In comparison to vascular plants, bryophytes have a broader distribution and a longer altitudinal gradient, and their influence on the landscape is poorly understood. The objective was to evaluate environmental drivers that can influence bryophyte cover, richness, diversity, and nestedness in different forest canopy compositions in two typical landscapes across the natural distribution of bryophytes in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Three natural Nothofagus forest types (pure deciduous, pure evergreen, and mixed deciduous-evergreen) in two landscapes (coasts 400 m.a.s.l.) were selected (N = 60 plots). In each plot, we established one transect (10 m length) to measure bryophyte cover (pointintercept method). Data were evaluated using generalized linear mixed models and multivariate analyses. The studied environmental drivers were mainly explained by the microclimate, with higher effective annual precipitation and relative air humidity in the coastal forests and higher soil moisture in the mountain forests. Greater liverwort richness was found in evergreen forests at the mountain (9 species) than at the coastal, while mosses showed higher richness in mixed deciduous-evergreen forests at the coastal (11 species) than at the mountain. However, the expected richness according to the rarefaction/extrapolation curves suggested that it is possible to record additional species, except for liverworts in pure deciduous forests on the coasts. Similarities and differences among the studied forest types and among plots of the same forest type and landscape were detected. These differences in the studied indexes (similarity that varied between 0 and 1) ranged from 0.09- 0.48 for liverworts and 0.05-0.65 for mosses. Moreover, these results indicated that pure evergreen and mixed deciduous-evergreen forests presented higher moss cover (10.7% and 10.0%, respectively), mainly in the mountains than on the coast. These outputs highlight the need to explore differences at greater altitudinal ranges to achieve sustainability objectives conservation planning for bryophytes in southernmost forests.Fil: Toro Manríquez, Mónica del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Ardiles, Víctor. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Santiago; ChileFil: Promis, Álvaro. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Huertas Herrera, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Lencinas, María Vanessa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Inferring population dynamic trends of Nothofagus pumilio and N. betuloides in coastal and mountain forests of Tierra del Fuego: contrasting from flowering to seedling survival through several reproductive cycles

Transition from fower to seedling encompasses major processes that defne the success of the tree regeneration, and consequently, its study is crucial in the context of forest management. Here, we analysed the transition probability of the reproductive cycle of two Nothofagus species, which formed pure and mixed forests in coastal and mountain geographic locations of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Pure deciduous N. pumilio (Np), pure evergreen N. betuloides (Nb), and mixed N. pumilio–N. betuloides (M) forests in coasts and mountains (3 forest types×2 geographic locations×20 replicas=120 replicas) were evaluated. Reproductive structures (female fowers, fruits, seeds, sound seeds, emerged seedlings and surviving seedlings up to 2 years) were studied since 2012–2018. Our results suggested that transition probabilities from fower to surviving seedlings varied inter-annually between N. pumilio and N. betuloides. The hazard ratio in the transition showed an infuence of the cohorts and the geographic location on N. pumilio, while forest type and geographic location infuenced on N. betuloides. Flower to fruits and seed to seedling were the most critical process in all forest types and locations. Cumulative transition probabilities (female fowers to 2-year-old seedlings) for N. pumilio were 0.3–46.2% in Np and 1.4–30.2% in M, and pure and mixed forests reached similar probabilities only in cohort 3. For N. betuloides, these were 2.8–24.4% in Nb and 0.0–6.5% in M. Both Nothofagus species showed a better performance of pure forests in mountains (15.9–46.2% Np; 3.8–24.8% Nb) than in coasts (0.3–16.1% Np; 2.8–5.3% Nb). Through this integrated approach, considering the full reproductive cycle, it is possible to quantify the infuence of canopy composition and inter-annual variability in natural forest dynamic, and allows to identify the critical stages of tree recruitment in pure and mixed Nothofagus forests.Fil: Toro Manríquez, Mónica del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad de Magallanes; Chile. Ulterarius Consultores Ambientales y Científicos Ltda; ChileFil: Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Huertas Herrera, Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Ulterarius Consultores Ambientales y Científicos Ltda; Chile. Universidad de Magallanes; ChileFil: Lencinas, María Vanessa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Promis, Álvaro. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Blazina, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Forage ofering and seasonal intake comparisons to evaluate European rabbit threat in Nothofagus forests of southern Patagonia

Background: The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L. 1758) was introduced into diferent regions of the world, generating signifcant trade-ofs that critically impacted native vegetation. Here, we evaluate the rabbit’s forage intakes in three vegetation types (forests, shrublands, and grasslands) along the four seasons in a temperate forest landscape in Southern Patagonia and discuss the potential threats over native vegetation. We formulated the following questions: (i) what is the forage ofer at each vegetation type? (ii) what is the rabbit’s forage intake and how it varied across the seasons along the year? and (iii) which vegetation types and plant life forms were more used according to the rabbit’s forage intakes? Methods: We censused understory vegetation to characterize the forage ofer at each vegetation type and determined seasonal dietary intakes using microhistological analysis of pellets. The plant species identifed in the feld were grouped according to life form classes (tree regeneration, shrubs, forbs, graminoids, orchids, ferns, bryophytes, and hemiparasites). Data were analysed through uni- and multivariate analyses, determining relationships between forage ofer and the rabbit’s forage intakes. Results: Forage intakes revealed changes in plant life form consumption across vegetation types, where intake pressure was considerably diferent for tree regeneration (p=0.001), graminoids (p=0.001), and hemiparasites (p=0.001). Besides, signifcant changes in consumption among seasons were detected for shrubs (p=0.001), ferns (p=0.030), and hemiparasites (p=0.002). Although many species play an important role in the rabbit’s forage intake networks (e.g., Chiliotrichum difusum, Holcus lanatus), the strongest intake linkages were found in exotic grasses (e.g., Poa pratensis and Festuca sp.), native hemiparasites (e.g., Misodendrum sp.), native shrubs (e.g., Empetrum rubrum), and native trees (e.g., Nothofagus sp.). The summer and autumn seasons presented higher intake compared to the winter and spring seasons. Furthermore, hemiparasites intake (e.g., Misodendrum sp.) suggests that rabbits utilize diferent forage sources depending on the vegetation types.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Huertas Herrera, Alejandro. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia; ChileFil: Toro Manriquez, Monica. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia; Chile. Ulterarius Consultores Ambientales y Científcos Limitada; ChileFil: Borrelli, Laura Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area de Recursos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Lencinas, Maria Vanessa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científcas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científcas. Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales; ArgentinaFil: Martinez Pastur, Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científcas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científcas. Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales; Argentin