The Effects of Breastfeeding on Childhood BMI: A Propensity Score Matching Approach

Background Many studies have found a statistical association between breastfeeding and childhood adiposity. This paper investigates whether breastfeeding has an effect on subsequent childhood body mass index (BMI) using propensity scores to account for confounding. Methods We use data from the Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative UK cohort survey, which contains detailed information on infant feeding and childhood BMI. Propensity score matching is used to investigate the mean BMI in children breastfed exclusively and partially for different durations of time. Results We find statistically significant influences of breastfeeding on childhood BMI, particularly in older children, when breastfeeding is prolonged and exclusive. At 7 years, children who were exclusively breastfed for 16 weeks had a BMI 0.28 kg/m 2 (95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.49) lower than those who were never breastfed, a 2% reduction from the mean BMI of 16.6 kg/m 2 . Conclusions For this young cohort, even small effects of breastfeeding on BMI could be important. In order to reduce BMI, breastfeeding should be encouraged as part of wider lifestyle intervention. This evidence could help to inform public health bodies when creating public health guidelines and recommendations

Effects of lattice mismatch on interfacial structures of liquid and solidified Al in contact with hetero-phase substrates: MD simulations

Published under licence in IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering by IOP Publishing Ltd. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.In this study, the effects of the misfit on in-plane structures of liquid Al and interfacial structure of solidified Al in contact with the heterophase substrates have been investigated, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The MD simulations were conducted for Al/fcc (111) substrates with varied misfits. The order parameter and atomic arrangement indicated that the in-plane ordering of the liquid at the interface decreases significantly with an increase of the misfit, i.e., solid-like for small misfit and liquid-like for large misfit. Further, our MD simulation results revealed that a perfect orientation relationship forms at the interface between the substrate and the solidified Al for a misfit of less than -3% and the boundary is coherent. With an increase in the misfit, Shockley partial and extended dislocations form at the interface, and the boundary becomes a semi-coherent or low-angle twist boundary.EPSR

Family Lifestyle Dynamics and Childhood Obesity: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study

Using data from the Millennium Cohort Study, we investigate the dynamic relationship between underlying family lifestyle and childhood obesity during early childhood. We use a dynamic latent factor model, an approach that allows us to identify family lifestyle, its evolution over time and its influence on childhood obesity and other observable outcomes. We find that family lifestyle is persistent and has a significant influence on childhood weight status as well as other outcomes for all family members. Interventions should therefore be prolonged and persuasive and target the underlying lifestyle of a family as early as possible during childhood in order to have the greatest cumulative influence. Furthermore, the results indicate that to reduce inequalities in childhood obesity, policy makers should target disadvantaged families and design interventions specifically for these families

Research update:alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease

Aberrant amyloid-ß peptide (Aß) accumulation along with altered expression and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) stand prominently in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the discovery that Aß is bound to a7 nAChRs under many experimental settings, including post-mortem AD brain, much effort has been expended to understand the implications of this interaction in the disease milieu. This research update will review the current literature on the a7 nAChR-Aß interaction in vitro and in vivo, the functional consequences of this interaction from sub-cellular to cognitive levels, and discuss the implications these relationships might have for AD therapies

Jellyfish, Forage Fish, and the World's Major Fisherie

A majority of the world’s largest net-based fisheries target planktivorous forage fish that serve as a critical trophic link between the plankton and upper-level consumers such as large predatory fishes, seabirds, and marine mammals. Because the plankton production that drives forage fish also drives jellyfish production, these taxa often overlap in space, time, and diet in coastal ecosystems. This overlap likely leads to predatory and competitive interactions, as jellyfish are effective predators of fish early life stages and zooplankton. The trophic interplay between these groups is made more complex by the harvest of forage fish, which presumably releases jellyfish from competition and is hypothesized to lead to an increase in their production. To understand the role forage fish and jellyfish play as alternate energy transfer pathways in coastal ecosystems, we explore how functional group productivity is altered in three oceanographically distinct ecosystems when jellyfish are abundant and when fish harvest rates are reduced using ecosystem modeling. We propose that ecosystem-based fishery management approaches to forage fish stocks include the use of jellyfish as an independent, empirical “ecosystem health” indicator.Fil: Robinson, Kelly L. State University of Oregon; Estados UnidosFil: Ruzicka, James J.. State University of Oregon; Estados UnidosFil: Decker, Mary Beth. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Brodeur, RIchard. NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center; Estados UnidosFil: Hernandez, Frank. University Of Mississippi; Estados UnidosFil: Quiñones Dávila, Javier. Instituto del Mar del Perú; PerúFil: Acha, Eduardo Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Uye, Shin-ichi. Graduate School of Biosphere Science; JapónFil: Mianzan, Hermes Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Graham, William M.. The University of Southern Mississippi; Estados Unido

Family lifestyle dynamics and childhood obesity: evidence from the millennium cohort study.

Abstract Background The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing but the causes are not fully understood. Recent public health interventions and guidance aiming to reduce childhood obesity have focused on the whole family, as opposed to just the child but there remains a lack of empirical evidence examining this relationship. Methods Using data from the longitudinal Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), we investigate the dynamic relationship between underlying family lifestyle and childhood obesity during early childhood. The MCS interviewed parents shortly after the birth of their child and follow up interviews were carried out when the child was 3, 5 and 7 years. We use a dynamic latent factor model, an approach that allows us to identify family lifestyle, its evolution over time (in this case between birth and 7 years) and its influence on childhood obesity and other observable outcomes. Results We find that family lifestyle is persistent, 87.43% of families which were above the 95th percentile on the lifestyle distribution, remained above the 95th percentile when the child was 7 years old. Family lifestyle has a significant influence on all outcomes in the study, including diet, exercise and parental weight status; family lifestyle accounts for 11.3% of the variation in child weight by age 7 years. Conclusion The analysis suggests that interventions should therefore be prolonged and persuasive and target the underlying lifestyle of a family as early as possible during childhood in order to have the greatest cumulative influence. Our results suggest that children from advantaged backgrounds are more likely to be exposed to healthier lifestyles and that this leads to inequalities in the prevalence of obesity. To reduce inequalities in childhood obesity, policy makers should target disadvantaged families and design interventions specifically for these families

Responsabilidad civil derivada de accidentes en un encuentro futbolístico de naturaleza profesional

La presente investigación titulada Responsabilidad Civil derivada de accidentes deportivos en un encuentro futbolístico de naturaleza profesional tiene como finalidad la propuesta de un proyecto de ley, el cual regulara las relaciones entre futbolistas profesionales y clubes deportivos, para que cuando ocurra accidentes deportivos ya sea por los contrincantes, por el estado del campo de futbol u otras actividades que vulneren al reglamento de futbol, los futbolistas afectados puedan ser protegidos por medio de esta Ley , con el objetivo de recibir una indemnización por el daño que se le haya producido. En el Perú, se ha visto accidentes de esta naturaleza, siendo el único responsable el propio club, sin embargo hay situaciones donde el jugador del equipo contrincante incurre en estas lesiones que no son propias del futbol profesional, asimismo en esta investigación hemos dado en cuenta que si bien existen normativas estás no protegen del todo al futbolista profesional, a su vez los propios clubes teniendo esa responsabilidad de velar por la integridad física del futbolista, algunas veces dejan de lado al jugador afectado, vulnerando sus derechos. Ante ello es necesario brindar una propuesta de ley que exija una responsabilidad civil deportiva tanto para el futbolista profesional, como para el club deportivo de brindar una indemnización ante los posibles daños que se ocasionen

Ejecución de las 4P’s del marketing mix en el contexto de la COVID-19 de la empresa Novedades Stacy, Trujillo 2022

En el año 2017, se inició con el emprendimiento Novedades Stacy con la finalidad de crecer como persona y profesional. Los ingresos eran buenos y cubrían las necesidades de ese entonces, pero en el año 2020 con la llegada de la pandemia, conllevó a buscar proveedores y clientes de otros productos que eran primordiales y obligatorios para la salud de las personas. Para poder tener acceso a las importaciones de esta índole, se empezó con el proceso de tramitar y gestionar la formalización de este negocio y que fue impulsado con las herramientas del marketing mix. Se aplicaron estrategias para producto, precio, plaza y promoción, así mismo se analizó a la empresa tanto de manera interna como externa y se concluyó que la ejecución de las 4’p sirvieron para identificar los pros y contras de la empresa y así poder establecer estrategias que fortalezcan y saquen el mejor potencial de la empresa