Actividad antifúngica del quitosano y aceites esenciales sobre rhizopus stolonifer (ehrenb.:fr.) vuill., agente causal de la pudrición blanda del tomate

Título en ingles: Antifungal activity of chitosan and essential oils on Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill causal agent of soft rot of tomato ResumenRhizopus stolonifer es el agente causal de la pudrición blanda, enfermedad poscosecha que ocasiona pérdidas económicas importantes. Se han empleado fungicidas sintéticos como el dicloran para controlar a este microorganismo, sin embargo, se ha demostrado que los fungicidas representan un riesgo para el ambiente y la salud humana. Actualmente se buscan alternativas naturales para el control de las pudriciones poscosecha. Se evaluó in vitro e in situ el efecto antifúngico del quitosano y de los aceites esenciales de canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clavo (Syzygium aromaticum) y tomillo (Thymus vulgaris) y dicloran sobre Rhizopus stolonifer. Los tratamientos más efectivos para inhibir in vitro a Rhizopus stolonifer fueron obtenidos con quitosano a 10 mg mL-1, con los tres aceites esenciales probados a la concentración de  0,3 mg mL-1, las mezclas de quitosano a 10 mg mL-1 con los aceites a 0,3 mg mL-1 y el dicloran a 1 mg mL-1. Los experimentos in situ mostraron que el tratamiento individual con quitosano fue el mejor para reducir el porcentaje de infección de los frutos de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum) inoculados con Rhizopus stolonifer y que la mezcla de quitosano con aceites esenciales no mejora la actividad antifúngica. El quitosano y el dicloran fueron los mejores tratamientos para reducir la pérdida de peso de los frutos. Los tratamientos individuales con quitosano representan una alternativa natural para controlar la pudrición blanda en frutos de tomate. Palabras clave: quitosano; aceites esenciales; Rhizopus stolonifer; podredumbre blanda. AbstractRhizopus stolonifer is the causal agent of soft rot, postharvest disease that causes important economic losses. Synthetic fungicides such as dichloran have been used to control this microorganism; however, it has been shown that fungicides represent a risk for the environment and human health. Actually, natural alternatives are looked for the control of postharvest rotting. In vitro and in situ experiments the antifungal effect of chitosan, essential oils of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and dichloran on Rhizopus stolonifer were evaluated. The most effective treatments for in vitro inhibition of Rhizopus stolonifer were obtained by quitosano to 10 mg mL-1, with the three essential oils proved to the concentration of 0.3 mg mL-1, the mixtures chitosan to 10 mg mL-1 with the oils at 0.3 mg mL-1 and dichloran at 1 mg mL-1. In situ experiments showed that the individual treatment with chitosan was the best to reduce the infection percentage of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits inoculated with Rhizopus stolonifer and chitosan mixture with essential oils did not improve its antifungal activity. Chitosan and dichloran were the best treatments to reduce the weight loss of the fruits. Individual treatments with chitosan represent a natural alternative for the control of soft rot on tomato fruits. Key words: Chitosan; essential oils; Rhizopus stolonifer; soft ro

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