Propuesta de aplicación de la estrategia : brainstorming, para la efectiva toma de decisiones en la Facultad Multidisciplinaria Oriental, Universidad de El Salvador

Para toda institución, sea pública o privada, es de mucha importancia la toma de decisiones; por lo cual, es necesario que las personas tengan conocimiento de la forma en que se puede tomar decisiones efectivas, para afrontar los retos que se presenten. Teniendo como objetivo general proponer una guía Brainstorming como herramienta estratégica para la efectiva toma de decisiones en la FMO-UES. La siguiente investigación se caracteriza por ser correlacional;pues este tipo de estudio, tiene como propósito medir el grado de relación que existe entre dos o más variables; en este caso, la relación que existe entre el Brainstorming orientado a la toma de decisiones en la Facultad Multidisciplinaria oriental de la Universidad de EL Salvador

Morphological Description of the Early Events during the Invasion of Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites in a Murine Model of Skin Irradiated under UV-B Light

Skin infections have been associated with Acanthamoeba, nevertheless the events during skin invasion and UV-B light effects on it are unknown. The early morphological events of Acanthamoeba castellanii skin invasion are shown in SKH-1 mice that were chronically UV-B light irradiated. Mice that developed skin lesions (group 1) were topical and intradermally inoculated with A. castellanii trophozoites and sacrificed 48 h or 18 days later. Mice that showed no skin lesions (group 2) were intradermally inoculated and sacrificed 24, 48 or 72 h later. Mice ventral areas were considered controls with and without trophozoites intradermally inoculated. Skin samples were processed by histological and immunohistochemistry techniques. In group 1, trophozoites were immunolocalized in dermal areas, hair cysts, sebaceous glands, and blood vessels, and collagen degradation was observed. One of these mice shown trophozoites in the spleen, liver, and brain. In group 2, few trophozoites nearby collagenolytic activity zones were observed. In control samples, nor histological damage and no trophozoites were observed. Adherence and collagenolytic activity by A. castellanii were corroborated in vitro. We can infer that UV-B light irradiated skin could favor A. castellanii invasiveness causing damage in sites as far away as the brain, confirming the invasive capacity and pathogenic potential of these amphizoic amoebae

Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by <i>Acanthamoeba culbertsoni</i> Have COX and Proteolytic Activity and Induce Hemolysis

Several species of Acanthamoeba genus are potential pathogens and etiological agents of several diseases. The pathogenic mechanisms carried out by these amoebae in different target tissues have been documented, evidencing the relevant role of contact-dependent mechanisms. With the purpose of describing the pathogenic processes carried out by these protozoans more precisely, we considered it important to determine the emission of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as part of the contact-independent pathogenicity mechanisms of A. culbertsoni, a highly pathogenic strain. Through transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), EVs were characterized. EVs showed lipid membrane and a size between 60 and 855 nm. The secretion of large vesicles was corroborated by confocal and TEM microscopy. The SDS-PAGE of EVs showed proteins of 45 to 200 kDa. Antigenic recognition was determined by Western Blot, and the internalization of EVs by trophozoites was observed through Dil-labeled EVs. In addition, some EVs biological characteristics were determined, such as proteolytic, hemolytic and COX activity. Furthermore, we highlighted the presence of leishmanolysin in trophozites and EVs. These results suggest that EVs are part of a contact-independent mechanism, which, together with contact-dependent ones, allow for a better understanding of the pathogenicity carried out by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni

Schwann Cell Autophagy and Necrosis as Mechanisms of Cell Death by Acanthamoeba

Amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are etiological agents of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Recently, through an in vivo GAE model, Acanthamoeba trophozoites were immunolocalized in contact with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells&mdash;Schwann cells (SC). In this study, we analyzed in greater detail the in vitro early morphological events (1, 2, 3, and 4 h) during the interaction of A. culbertsoni trophozoites (ATCC 30171) with SC from Rattus norvegicus (ATCC CRL-2941). Samples were processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as confocal microscopy. After 1 h of interaction, amoebae were observed to be adhered to the SC cultures, emitting sucker-like structures associated with micro-phagocytic channels. In addition, evidence of necrosis was identified since edematous organelles as well as multivesicular and multilamellar bodies characteristics of autophagy were detected. At 2 h, trophozoites migrated beneath the SC culture in which necrosis and autophagy persisted. By 3 and 4 h, extensive lytic zones were observed. SC necrosis was confirmed by confocal microscopy. We reported for the first time the induction of autophagic and necrotic processes in PNS cells, associated in part with the contact-dependent pathogenic mechanisms of A. culbertsoni trophozoites

Los centros educativos ante la desprotección de la infancia y la adolescencia : guía para la comunidad educativa

Explica cómo los centros educativos desempeñan un papel importantísimo en la protección de la infancia y la adolescencia, siendo el profesorado un agente importante para detectar, prevenir y notificar las situaciones de desprotección del alumnado. Esta guía, dirigida a la comunidad educativa, pretende sensibilizar sobre este problema y ofrecer los instrumentos necesarios para que se puedan abordar las situaciones de desamparo y de falta de apoyo en la población infantil y adolescente, con el fin de garantizar y mejorar su protección.ES