Comportamentos associados à manutenção dos resultados após cirurgia bariátrica

A Cirurgia Bariátrica (CB) é um método de tratamento da obesidade que vem recebendo destaque principalmente devido aos resultados positivos no tratamento das comorbidades associados ao excesso de peso. No entanto, esse tipo de intervenção necessita de uma fase de adaptação e mudanças de estilo de vida principalmente devido a complicações pós-cirúrgicas relacionadas à deficiência de algumas vitaminas e minerais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do estudo foi associar o perfil antropométrico, composição corporal e tempo desde a realização da CB com a adesão a comportamentos alimentares saudáveis de pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento. Estudo do tipo transversal realizado com 98 pacientes submetidos ao bypass gástrico em Y de Roux. Foram avaliados peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC) e quadril, massa de gordura, massa muscular esquelética e o comportamento alimentar por meio do questionário Bariatric Surgery Self-management Questionnaire Seven, que possui 7 domínios referentes ao comportamento alimentar (CA), à ingestão de fluidos (IF), à atividade física (AF), à gestão da síndrome de dumping (GSD), à admissão de suplementos (AS), ao consumo de frutas, vegetais e grãos integrais (CFVGI) e à ingestão de proteínas (IP). Foi verificada associação entre adesão total dos comportamentos alimentares, CFVGI, IP com o estado nutricional e CC após a CB. Observamos também menor peso, IMC e CC e menor % e quantidade de gordura em pacientes que apresentaram boa adesão nesses domínios. Nos domínios, CA, IF e AF os pacientes com menor tempo após a realização da CB apresentaram melhor adesão a esses comportamentos. Os sujeitos mais jovens apresentaram maior adesão à AF comparados aos mais velhos. Em conclusão, a adesão aos comportamentos alimentares após a CB se associou com o estado nutricional e CC, bem como com o tempo após a realização à CB. Sugere-se a realização de estudos que proponham modelos de intervenção para o melhor controle e manutenção dos comportamentos alimentares dos pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento.Bariatric Surgery (BS) is a method for obesity treatment which has been receiving attention mainly due to the positive results in the treatment of comorbidities associated with overweight. However, this type of intervention requires a period of adaptation and change of lifestyle mainly due to post surgery complications related to vitamins and minerals deficits. In this way, the objective of this study was to associate the anthropometric profile, body composition and time since the surgery with the adherence to healthy behavior eating on patients who underwent this procedure. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 98 patients who underwent gastric bypass Roux-Y. We evaluated weight, height, waist (WC) and hip circumferences, body fat (BF), skeletal muscle mass and feeding behavior by the Bariatric Surgery Self-management Questionnaire Seven, which has 7 domains related to feeding behavior (FB), the fluid intake (FI), physical activity (PA), management of Dumping Syndrome (MDS), admission of supplements (AS), consume of fruits, vegetables and whole grains (CFVWG) and protein intake (PI).  We verify association between total adherence of eating behaviors, CFVWG, and PI with nutritional status and WC after BS. We also observed lower weight, BMI and WC, % and quantity of BF in patients who presented good adherence in these domains. In the domains FB, FI, and PA the patients who had operated in less time present better adherence. The younger subjects showed higher PA adhesion compared to the older ones. In conclusion, feeding behaviors adherence after BS was associated with nutritional status and WC, as well as time since BS. It is suggested to carry out studies that propose intervention models for the better control and maintenance of feeding behaviors in patients who underwent BS

Natural Abundance 14C Content of Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) from Three Marine Algae

Abstract: Analysis of the natural abundance 14C content of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) from two edible brown algae, Undaria pinnatifida and Laminaria japonica, and a green alga, Ulva sp., revealed that the DBP was naturally produced. The natural abundance 14C content of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) obtained from the same algae was about 50-80% of the standard sample and the 14C content of the petrochemical (industrial) products of DBP and DEHP were below the detection limit

Mechanism of the Escherichia coli MltE lytic transglycosylase, the cell-wall-penetrating enzyme for Type VI secretion system assembly

Lytic transglycosylases (LTs) catalyze the non-hydrolytic cleavage of the bacterial cell wall by an intramolecular transacetalization reaction. This reaction is critically and broadly important in modifications of the bacterial cell wall in the course of its biosynthesis, recycling, manifestation of virulence, insertion of structural entities such as the flagellum and the pili, among others. The first QM/MM analysis of the mechanism of reaction of an LT, that for the Escherichia coli MltE, is undertaken. The study reveals a conformational itinerary consistent with an oxocarbenium-like transition state, characterized by a pivotal role for the active-site glutamic acid in proton transfer. Notably, an oxazolinium intermediate, as a potential intermediate, is absent. Rather, substrate-assisted catalysis is observed through a favorable dipole provided by the N-acetyl carbonyl group of MurNAc saccharide. This interaction stabilizes the incipient positive charge development in the transition state. This mechanism coincides with near-synchronous acetal cleavage and acetal formation.Peer Reviewe

A Structural Dissection of the Active Site of the Lytic Transglycosylase MltE from Escherichia coli

Lytic transglycosylases (LTs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the glycan strands of the bacterial cell wall. The mechanism of this cleavage is a remarkable intramolecular transacetalization reaction, accomplished by an ensemble of active-site residues. Because the LT reaction occurs in parallel with the cell wall bond-forming reactions catalyzed by the penicillin-binding proteins, simultaneous inhibition of both enzymes can be particularly bactericidal to Gram-negative bacteria. The MltE lytic transglycosylase is the smallest of the eight LTs encoded by the Escherichia coli genome. Prior crystallographic and computational studies identified four active-site residues - E64, S73, S75, and Y192 - as playing roles in catalysis. Each of these four residues was individually altered by mutation to give four variant enzymes (E64Q, S73A, S75A, and Y192F). All four variants showed reduced catalytic activity [soluble wild type (100%) > soluble Y192F and S75A (both 40%) > S73A (4%) > E64Q (≤1%)]. The crystal structure of each variant protein was determined at the resolution of 2.12 Å for E64Q, 2.33 Å for Y192F, 1.38 Å for S73A, and 1.35 Å for S75A. These variants show alteration of the hydrogen-bond interactions of the active site. Within the framework of a prior computational study of the LT mechanism, we suggest the mechanistic role of these four active-site residues in MltE catalysis.Peer Reviewe

International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR):Expert Consensus Guidelines

The human ageing process is universal, ubiquitous and inevitable. Every physiological function is being continuously diminished. There is a range between two distinct phenotypes of ageing, shaped by patterns of living - experiences and behaviours, and in particular by the presence or absence of physical activity (PA) and structured exercise (i.e., a sedentary lifestyle). Ageing and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with declines in muscle function and cardiorespiratory fitness, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities and maintain independent functioning. However, in the presence of adequate exercise/PA these changes in muscular and aerobic capacity with age are substantially attenuated. Additionally, both structured exercise and overall PA play important roles as preventive strategies for many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis, and obesity; improvement of mobility, mental health, and quality of life; and reduction in mortality, among other benefits. Notably, exercise intervention programmes improve the hallmarks of frailty (low body mass, strength, mobility, PA level, energy) and cognition, thus optimising functional capacity during ageing. In these pathological conditions exercise is used as a therapeutic agent and follows the precepts of identifying the cause of a disease and then using an agent in an evidence-based dose to eliminate or moderate the disease. Prescription of PA/structured exercise should therefore be based on the intended outcome (e.g., primary prevention, improvement in fitness or functional status or disease treatment), and individualised, adjusted and controlled like any other medical treatment. In addition, in line with other therapeutic agents, exercise shows a dose-response effect and can be individualised using different modalities, volumes and/or intensities as appropriate to the health state or medical condition. Importantly, exercise therapy is often directed at several physiological systems simultaneously, rather than targeted to a single outcome as is generally the case with pharmacological approaches to disease management. There are diseases for which exercise is an alternative to pharmacological treatment (such as depression), thus contributing to the goal of deprescribing of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMS). There are other conditions where no effective drug therapy is currently available (such as sarcopenia or dementia), where it may serve a primary role in prevention and treatment. Therefore, this consensus statement provides an evidence-based rationale for using exercise and PA for health promotion and disease prevention and treatment in older adults. Exercise prescription is discussed in terms of the specific modalities and doses that have been studied in randomised controlled trials for their effectiveness in attenuating physiological changes of ageing, disease prevention, and/or improvement of older adults with chronic disease and disability. Recommendations are proposed to bridge gaps in the current literature and to optimise the use of exercise/PA both as a preventative medicine and as a therapeutic agent

New Size Measurements in Population Ecology

In organizational ecology, the analysis of the impact of competition between populations on vital ratios is relatively underdeveloped. This paper addresses this issue by developing new competition measurements that focus on the importance of organizational size. The application of these measurements in the case of competition between organizational subforms in a population, and their impact on mortality rates, demonstrate their usefulness for modelling competition. Specifically, the results show how levels of competition between firms in a population can be more clearly analysed when the rival population mass or concentration indices are used. Copyright Springer 2006competition between subforms, probability of failure, the cross effects of concentration model, the cross effects of density model, the cross effects of mass model, C41, L11, L25, M29,