Zur Geschlechtsspezifik der Arbeitszeitformen, der Arbeitszeitwünsche und der Zeitverwendung bei den abhängig Beschäftigten (On the gender-specific features of types of working hours, wishes regarding working hours and on the utilisation of time among employees in dependent employment)

"Within the framework of the survey of working hours which has been supported financially by the Ministry for Labour, Health and Social Affairs in Nord-Rhein Westphalen since 1987, the ISO has so far carried out four representative employment surveys. The most recent of these surveys, carried out in 1995, included for the first time workers in the new federal states. 4,085 people in dependent employment aged between 18 and 65 were asked questions about the structure of their working hours, their desires regarding working hours and on the way they spent their time outside work. The study verifies a strong growth of different types of flexible working hours in western and eastern Germany. In western Germany only 17% of people in dependent employment still work under the conditions of normal standard working hours; in eastern Germany it is still 25%. In the area of so-called 'traditional' forms of flexibilisation of working hours, such as shift work, night work, weekend work and overtime, there are hardly any differences between western and eastern Germany. The differences only appear in the 'new' types of flexibilisation such as flexi-time and part-time work. Patterns of labour force participation and wishes regarding working hours show clear gender- specific differences, in particular among employed people living in two-person households. The results regarding utilisation of time show that the allocation of social work continues to follow the traditional division of roles, according to which women undertake the bulk of the informal work (housework, care of children etc.) and men work more intensively in the area of formal work (gainful employment). If there are children in the household, this usually leads to a reduction in the number of hours in gainful employment for women, but for men on the other hand sometimes to an extension of their full-time work (overtime). In this respect, however, differences can be determined between western and eastern Germany: whereas for western German women part-time employment seems to be accepted to a great extent as a means of combining work and family, this form of employment is seen by eastern German women to be at best a temporary solution, as they still orientate themselves towards continuous full-time employment. In spite of this stronger orientation towards employment and the higher ratio of full-time workers among eastern German women, there are also clear gender-specific features in eastern Germany with regard to the allocation of social work: men do more formal work, women more informal work. The doubtful nature of traditional gender-specific features lies in the fact that as a result of these features, women are permanently at a disadvantage with regard to their interests in gainful employment when they have a child. Women's attempts to compensate for these disadvantages individually by remaining in the employment system for the greatest possible amount of time lead to double burdens and a lack of time. The present situation can best be described as anomic: the traditional gender-specific features show numerous functional deficits and gender-specific disadvantages; however new forms of division of work which open up the same opportunities on the labour market for women and men with children are not yet in sight, let alone seriously established." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))Arbeitszeitentwicklung, Arbeitszeitgestaltung, Arbeitszeitflexibilität, Zeitverwendung, Erwerbsbeteiligung, Arbeitszeitwunsch, Beruf und Familie, geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren, Westdeutschland, Ostdeutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Gd3+ rattling triggered by a "weak" M-I transition at 140-160 K in the Ce1-xGdxFe4$P12 x ~ 0.001 skutterudite compounds: an ESR study

In this work we report electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements in the semiconducting Ce1-xGdxFe4P12 (x ~ 0.001) filled skutterudite compounds. Investigation of the temperature (T) dependence of the ESR spectra and relaxation process suggests, that in the T-interval of 140-160 K, the onset of a "weak" metal-insulator (M-I) transition takes place due to the increasing density of thermally activated carriers across the semiconducting gap of ~ 1500 K. In addition, the observed low-T fine and hyperfine structures start to collapse at ~ 140 K and is completely absent for > 160 K. We claim that the increasing carrier density is able to trigger the rattling of the Gd3+ ions which in turn is responsible, via a motional narrowing mechanism, for the collapse of the ESR spectra.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures, presented at QCNP2009, to appear in pss

Science-Policy Interactions in a Corporatist System: Knowledge Brokerage in Austrian Climate Policy

Climate change policy is a prime example for the growing importance of expert ad-vice to inform decision‐making. Consequently, a plethora of advisory bodies and pro-cesses have emerged around the world. However, there are marked differences in the way the interactions between science and politics are organized and practiced depending on a country’s political system and culture. The degree of political compe-tition, the role of state vis-à-vis non-state actors and the dominant modes of interest mediation provide specific conditions for the ways expertise is consulted and used in decision-making. Against this background, the paper presents the landscape of scientific advice in Austrian climate policy and asks in how far the traditionally strong culture of corporat-ism in Austrian politics manifests itself in practices of climate policy advice. Concep-tually, the paper draws on analytical dimensions derived from the concepts of “na-tional styles of policy-making” and “civic epistemology”. Methodically it bases on an interview series and a workshop with representatives from science, politics, and in-termediary organizations. Our analysis provides a differentiated picture: the neo-corporatist culture still leaves its imprint in Austrian climate policy advice. But at the same time, the emergence of a new policy field, such as climate policy, undoubtedly opens up possibilities for new actors and forms of policy advice

Recombinant hirudin for extended aortic surgery in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

AbstractJ Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:191-

Single‐Molecule Manipulation in Zero‐Mode Waveguides

The mechanobiology of receptor–ligand interactions and force‐induced enzymatic turnover can be revealed by simultaneous measurements of force response and fluorescence. Investigations at physiologically relevant high labeled substrate concentrations require total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or zero mode waveguides (ZMWs), which are difficult to combine with atomic force microscopy (AFM). A fully automatized workflow is established to manipulate single molecules inside ZMWs autonomously with noninvasive cantilever tip localization. A protein model system comprising a receptor–ligand pair of streptavidin blocked with a biotin‐tagged ligand is introduced. The ligand is pulled out of streptavidin by an AFM cantilever leaving the receptor vacant for reoccupation by freely diffusing fluorescently labeled biotin, which can be detected in single‐molecule fluorescence concurrently to study rebinding rates. This work illustrates the potential of the seamless fusion of these two powerful single‐molecule techniques

A combined laser-based ARPES and 2PPES study of Td-WTe2_2

Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and two-photon photoemission spectroscopy (2PPES) are employed to study the valence electronic structure of the Weyl semimetal candidate Td-WTe$_2$ along two high symmetry directions and for binding energies between $\approx$ -1 eV and 5 eV. The experimental data show a good agreement with band structure calculations. Polarization dependent measurements provide furthermore information on initial and intermediate state symmetry properties with respect to the mirror plane of the Td structure of WTe$_2$

A Trigger and Readout Scheme for future Cherenkov Telescope Arrays

The next generation of ground-based gamma-ray observatories, such as e.g. CTA, will consist of about 50-100 telescopes, and cameras with in total ~100000 to ~200000 channels. The telescopes of the core array will cover and effective area of ~ 1 km2 and will be possibly accompanied by a large halo of smaller telescopes spread over about 10 km2 . In order to make maximum use of the stereoscopic approach, a very flexible inter-telescope trigger scheme is needed which allows to couple telescopes that located up to ~1 km apart. The development of a cost effective readout scheme for the camera signals exhibits a major technological challenge. Here we present ideas on a new asynchronous inter-telescope trigger scheme, and a very cost-effective, high-bandwidth frontend to backend data transfer system, both based on standard Ethernet components and an Ethernet front-end interface based on mass production standard FPGAs.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures ; modified version of article to be published in the proceedings of the "4th Heidelberg International Symposium on High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy 2008