Total destruction of invariant tori for the generalized Frenkel-Kontorova model

We consider generalized Frenkel-Kontorova models on higher dimensional lattices. We show that the invariant tori which are parameterized by continuous hull functions can be destroyed by small perturbations in the $C^r$ topology with $r<1$

Quantum description and properties of electrons emitted from pulsed nanotip electron sources

We present a quantum calculation of the electron degeneracy for electron sources. We explore quantum interference of electrons in the temporal and spatial domain and demonstrate how it can be utilized to characterize a pulsed electron source. We estimate effects of Coulomb repulsion on two-electron interference and show that currently available nano tip pulsed electron sources operate in the regime where the quantum nature of electrons can be made dominant

Heat transport and flow structure in rotating Rayleigh-B\'enard convection

Here we summarize the results from our direct numerical simulations (DNS) and experimental measurements on rotating Rayleigh-B\'enard (RB) convection. Our experiments and simulations are performed in cylindrical samples with an aspect ratio \Gamma varying from 1/2 to 2. Here \Gamma=D/L, where D and L are the diameter and height of the sample, respectively. When the rotation rate is increased, while a fixed temperature difference between the hot bottom and cold top plate is maintained, a sharp increase in the heat transfer is observed before the heat transfer drops drastically at stronger rotation rates. Here we focus on the question of how the heat transfer enhancement with respect to the non-rotating case depends on the Rayleigh number Ra, the Prandtl number Pr, and the rotation rate, indicated by the Rossby number Ro. Special attention will be given to the influence of the aspect ratio on the rotation rate that is required to get heat transport enhancement. In addition, we will discuss the relation between the heat transfer and the large scale flow structures that are formed in the different regimes of rotating RB convection and how the different regimes can be identified in experiments and simulations.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure

Drug Management Reviews in District Drug Management Unit and General Hospital

Drug is one of the essential elements in healthcare that should be effectively and efficiently managed. Following the decentralization in 2001 in Indonesia, drug management has changed in district drug management units and also in District General Hospitals. Certainly this condition influences the sustainability of drug access in primary health care such as in Community Health Center and District General Hospital, especially in drug financing policy. A cross sectional descriptive study to obtain information on drug management in public healthcare in district had been carried out between July and December 2006 in 10 District Public Drug Management Units from 10 district health offices and 9 district general hospitals as samples. Data were collected by interviewing heads of Drug Section in District Health Offices and heads of Hospital Pharmacies using structured questionnaires and observing drug storage in District Drug Management Units, Community Health Centers, and Hospital Pharmacies. Results of the study show that drug planning in District Health Offices and General Hospitals did not meet the basic real need in some districts nor District Hospitals. The minimum health service standards had not been achieved yet. Furthermore, drug procurement, storage and recording as well as reporting was not good enough either, such as shown by the existence of expired drugs. Lead time for drug delivery to community health centers in some districts was longer than the average of lead time in the past 3 years

Eksistensi Unit Pengelola Obat di Beberapa Kabupaten/kota suatu Analisis Paska Desentralisasi

Background: Accessibility to essential drugs is a public right,therefore its the government responsibility to make themavailable. Previously before the era of regional autonomy, publicdrug management in all districts/cities was performed by theso-called District Pharmaceutical Warehouses (GFK). However,nowadays the situation has changed because of the differencein vision and perception of each regional government on theformer warehouses. Some public drug management units incertain districts/cities are not functioning optimally. Inefficientdrug procurement regarding the number and kind of drugs aswell as timeliness results in gap between drug need andprocurement. Furthermore, loosening in drug supply proceduremakes essential drugs more unavailable to public.On the other hand, decentralization policy in drugmanagement also undeniably brings advantages to the districts,for example capacity building in drug procurement, increasingcapability in budget management and negotiation with districtdecision makers as well as enhancing regional economicactivity. In revitalizing district pharmaceutical warehouses soas to attain minimal health care standards in districts/cities,baseline data in drug management and financing in severaldistricts/cities should make a valuable contribution.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study had been carriedout during July-December 2006 in 26 districts/cities out of 11provinces. Samples were 26 district health offices (DinasKesehatan Kabupaten/Kota) and 26 District PharmaceuticalWarehouses (GFK) where as respondents were head of drugsection and head of warehousing respectively. Data werecollected by means of structured questionnaires and in-depthinterviews as well as the collection of secondary data of druglogistics. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed.Results: The study shows that: 1) although health budget ingeneral had risen, the average percentage of drug budgetallocation from 21 district health authorities was only 12.06%,reflecting the low drug priority in district health policy becausedrug expenditures may amount up to 40% of the total healthbudget. 2) Public drug management was mostly performed bythe so-called regional technical provider unit (UPTD) with somelimitations concerning human resources and material inachieving an effective and efficient drug management, and 3)there was still lack of pharmacist assistants to manage drugsin primary health care (Puskesmas) up to 20% and even morepiteously the lack of pharmacist in district drug managementunit (GF/UPOP Kabupaten/Kota, 12,5%).Conclusions: Apart from the achievement of predeterminedindicators stated in minimal health care standards in districts/cities, especially regarding essential and generic drugs, drugmanagement in general has been well performed concerningplanning and drug availability. More support and commitmentfrom the district government is a must considering that regionaldevelopment can not be separated from the health developmentof the subject themselves.Keywords: decentralization, District PharmaceuticalWarehouse, public drugs, drug managemen

EBF1-deficient bone marrow stroma elicits persistent changes in HSC potential

Crosstalk between mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is essential for hematopoietic homeostasis and lineage output. Here, we investigate how transcriptional changes in bone marrow (BM) MSCs result in long-lasting effects on HSCs. Single-cell analysis of Cxcl12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells and PDGFRα+Sca1+ (PαS) cells revealed an extensive cellular heterogeneity but uniform expression of the transcription factor gene Ebf1. Conditional deletion of Ebf1 in these MSCs altered their cellular composition, chromatin structure and gene expression profiles, including the reduced expression of adhesion-related genes. Functionally, the stromal-specific Ebf1 inactivation results in impaired adhesion of HSCs, leading to reduced quiescence and diminished myeloid output. Most notably, HSCs residing in the Ebf1-deficient niche underwent changes in their cellular composition and chromatin structure that persist in serial transplantations. Thus, genetic alterations in the BM niche lead to long-term functional changes of HSCs